Endo/Msk/ Psych Review Flashcards
Spongiosis
Accumulation of edema fluid in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis
Islet of langerhans are a collection of what cells
Alpha= glucagon (peripheral)
Beta= insulin (center)
Delta= somatostatin (interspersed)
ADH synthesized
Hypothalamus (supraoptic nuclei)
Cortisol effects on
- Appetite
- Insulin resistance
- Fibroblast activity
- Inflammatory and Immune response
- Bone formation
Increased
- Appetite
- Blood pressure
- Insulin resistance
- Gluconeogesis, lipolysis
Decreased
- Fibroblast activity (poor wound healing)
- Inflammatory and Immune responses
- Bone formation
Things that trigger PTH secretion
Decreased serum Ca
Increased serum PO4
Decreased serum Mg
Calcitonin
Decrease bone reabsorption of Ca
Thyroid peroxidase (TPO)
oxidation and organification of iodide as well as coupling of MIT and DIT –> T3, T4
Propylthiouracil (PTU)
- MOA
- use
- Adverse
Inhibits both thyroid peroxidase and 5’ deiodinase
Tx for hyperthyroidism
Adverse effects
- Skin rash
- agranulocytosis **
- aplastic anemmia
- hepatotoxicity
Methimazole
- MOA
- use
- Adverse
inhibits thyroid peroxidase only
Tx for hyperthyroidism
Adverse effects
- Skin rash
- agranulocytosis **
- aplastic anemmia
- hepatotoxicity
Teratogenic
cGMP endocrine hormones
BNP
ANP
NO
IP3 endocrine hormones
GnRH Oxytocin ADH TRH Histamine (H1) Angiotensin II Gastrin
GOAT HAG
Intracellular receptor endocrine hormones
PET CAT on TV
Progesterone Estrogen Testosterone Cortisol Aldosterone T3/T4 Vitamin D
Receptor tyrosine endocrine hormones
Insulin IGF-1 FGF PDGF EGF
Jak/Stat endocrine hormones
PIGGlET
Prolactin Immunomodulators (cytokines, IL-2,IL-6, IFN) GH G-CSF Erythropoietin Thrombopoietin
cAMP endocrine hormones
FLAT ChAMP
FSH LH ACTH TSH CRH hCG ADH (V2) MSH PTH Calcitonin GHRH glucagon Histamine (H2)
Hyperpigmentation
Hyperkalemia
Metabolic acidosis
Hypotension
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Deficiency of aldosterone and cortisol
Tumor of adrenal medulla in child
Increased HVA and VMA in urine
N- myc
Cells are purple with dark black ring of cells around it
Neuroblastoma
Homer Wright rosettes
Thyroid histology: lymphoid aggregates with germinal centers
- type of rxn
- assoc with HLA
- risk
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Type IV hypersensitivity
HLA DR5 HLA B5
Increased risk: B cell lymphoma of thyroid
Pot belly Pale Puffy face child Protruding umbilicus Protuberant tongue Poor brain development
Enlarged fontanelle
Dry skin
Jaundice
Tx
Congenital hypothyroidism (Cretinism)
6P’s
Tx: levothyroxine
Jaw Pain
Painful goiter
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (de Quervain)
Inflammatory disruption of follicles and multinucleated giant cells
Self limited
- viral infection
Fixed hard rock like goiter in young
- disease
- histology
-
Riedel thyroiditis
Thyroid replaced by fibrous tissue with inflammatory infiltrates (macrophages, eosinophils)
IgG related systemic disease
Graves disease release of what cytokines
Associated HLA
TNF-alpha
IFN-gamma
HLA DR3 and HLA B8
Thyroid masses
Empty appearance nuclei with central clearing
- assoc seen
- mutations
- Causes
Papillary carcinoma
Orphan Annie Eyes
psamMOma bodies
Papi and Moma adopted Orphan Annie
RET and BRAF
TObacco use
Radiation exposure
Follicular carcinoma
- Histology
- Mutation
- Spread
- Association
Uniform cuboidal cells lining follicles
Invading fibrous capsule
RAS
Hematogenous spread
PAX8-PPAR gamma 1 rearrangement
Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A
G3 protein alpha subunit defective
Increased PTH but unresponsive
Decreased Ca
Tx Central DI
Desmopressin
TX Nephrogenic DI
HCTZ Indomethacin (decrease renal blood flow)
Amiloride (K sparing diuretic)
- Tx for lithium toxicity caused Nephrogenic DI
SIADH tx
Diuretics
COnivaptan
Tolvaptan
Demeclocycline
Diabetes histology
Small vessel: diffuse thickening of basement membrane
Large vessel atherosclerosis
Diabetes
- HbA1c
Fasting glucose
HbA1C= > 6.5%
Fasting glucose >126
Diabetic nephropathy pathophysiology
Increase in filtered glucose load
Increase Na resorption in PT leading to decrased NA and fluid delivery to macula densa
Activation of tubuloglomerular autoregulation
Dilation of afferent arterioles and constriction of efferent
- Increases intraglomerular capillary pressure
Increased glomerular filtrate rate –> glomerular hyeprtrophy
Infection associated with diabetic ketoacidosis
Mucor
Dermatitis Diabetes DVT Declining weight Depression
Tx
Glucagonoma
- Tumor of pancreatic alpha cells
Over production glucagon
Octreotide tx
Diabetes
Steatorrhea
Gallstones
Achlorhydria
Tx
Somatostatinoma
Tx: Surgical resection, octreotide
High serotonin Flushing Diarrhea Wheezing Tricuspid regurg/ pulmonic stenosis
Carcinoid sydrome
MEN 1
Pituitary tumors (prolactin or GH) Pancreatic endocrine tumors (ZE syn, Insulinoma, VIPomas) Parathyroid adenomas
Mutation: Menin (tumor suppressor) Chr 11
Hypercalcemia
Hypoglycemia
Periperhal vision loss
MEN 2A
Parathyroid hyperplasia
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
- calcitonin
Pheochromocytoma
RET mutation
MEN 2B
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Pheochromoctyoma
Mucosal neuromas
RET
Hypercalcemia
Hypoglycemia
Periperhal vision loss
MEN 1
Thyroid mass Papules on lips and tongue Marfan's Increased calcitonin HTN
MEN 2B
Rapid insulin
Lispro
Aspart
Glulisine
Intermediate acting insulin
NPH
Long acting insulin
Detemir
Glargine
First line therapy in Type 2 DM
MOA
Adverse effects
Metformin
Inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis and the action of glucagon
Increase peripheral glucose uptake
Increase insulin sensitivity
Weight loss
Lactic acidosis **
Sulfonylureas: First generation
- examples
- MOA
- adverse
Chlorpropamide
Tolbutamide
Stimulate release of endogenous insulin in Type 2 DM
Close K channel in Beta cell membrane –> cell depolarizes –> insulin release via Ca influx
Adverse
- Disulfiram like effects
Sulfonylureas: Second generation
- examples
- MOA
- Adverse
Glimepiride
Glipizide
Glyburide
Stimulate release of endogenous insulin in Type 2 DM
Close K channel in Beta cell membrane –> cell depolarizes –> insulin release via Ca influx
Adverse
- hypoglycemia
- weight gain
Closes K channels to increase insulin release
Sulfonylureas
Glitazones/ Thiazolidinediones
- examples
- use
- MOA
- adverse
- glitazone
Pioglitazone
Rosiglitazone
Type 2 DM
Safe to use in renal impairment
Increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue. Binds PPAR-gamma nuclear transcription regulator
Adverse
- weight gain
- edema
- HF
- increase risk of fractures
Meglitinides
- examples
- use
- MOA
- adverse
-glinide
Nateglinide
Repaglinide
Type 2 DM
Stimulate postprandial insulin release by binding to K channels on beta cells membranes
Hypoglcemia
Increased risk of renal failure
Weight gain
GLP-1 analogs
- examples
- use
- MOA
- adverse
-glutide Exenatide Liraglutide (sc injection) Albiglutide Dulaglutide
Type 2 DM
Increase glucose dependent insulin release
Decrease glucagon release
Decrease gastric emptying
Increase satiety
Nausea
Vomiting
Pancreatitis **
Weight loss
DDP-4 Inhibitors
- examples
- use
- MOA
- adverse
- gliptin
Linagliptin (weight loss)
Saxagliptin
Sitagliptin
Type 2 DM
Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme that deactivates GLP-1 , thereby increasing glucose-dependent insulin release
Decrease glucagon release
Decrease gastric emptying
Increase satiety
Mild urinary and respiratory infections
Amylin analogs
- examples
- use
- MOA
- adverse
Pramlintide (SC injection)
Type 1 DM
Type 2 DM
Decrease gastric emptying
Decrease glucagon
Hypoglycemia (mistimed)
Nausea
SGLT2 inhibitors
- examples
- use
- MOA
- adverse
-flozin
Canagliflozin
Dapagliflozin
Empagliflozin
Type 2 DM
Block reabsorption of glucose in PCT
Glucosuria UTI Vaginal yeast infections Hyperkalemia Dehydration WL
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
- examples
- use
- MOA
- adverse
Acarbose
Miglitol
Type 2 DM
Inhibit intestinal brush border alpha-glucosidases
Delayed carbohydrate hydrolysis and glucose absorption
Decreased postprandial hyperglycemia
GI disturbances
Triiodothyronine
Levothyroxine
Thyroid hormone replacement
Levothyroxine= T4 Triiodothyronine= T3
Tachycardia
Heat intolerance
Termors
Arrhythmias
Conivaptan
tolvaptan
ADH antagonists
Tx SIADH, block ADH at V2
Demeclocycline
- MOA
- use
- adverse effect
ADH antagonist
TX: SIADH
Adverse
- nephrogenic DI
- photosensitivity
- abnormal teeth and bones
Fludrocortisone
- MOA
- use
- adverse
Synthetic analog of aldosterone with little glucocorticoid effects
Tx of mineralocorticoid replacement in primary adrenal insufficiency
Edema
HF
Hyperpigmentation
Cinacalet
- MOA
- Use
- Adverse
Sensitizes Ca sensing receptor (CaSR) in parathyroid gland to circulating Ca
Decrease PTH
Use: primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism
Adverse: hypocalcemia
Post partum Agalactorrhea
Postpartum hemorrhage –> underperfusion of the pituitary
Anterior lobe of pituitary from
Ectoderm
Rathke’s pouch
Posterior pituitary from
Hypothalamus invagination (neuroectoderm)
Adrenal cortex derived from
Adrenal medulla derived from
Cortex= mesoderm
Medulla= Ectoderm
3beta- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
Inability to produce
- Glucorticoids
- Mineralocorticoids
- Androgens
- Estrogens
Excessive sodium excretion in urine
Ambigous genitalia
Aldosterone effects
Increase Na reabsorption in collecting tubules
Raises blood pressure
Increase K excretion
Tx Hyperaldosteronism
Aldosterone antagonist
- Spironolactone
- Eplerenone
HTN
Hypokalemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Hyperaldosteronism
Addison disease
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Hypotension
Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Hyperpigmentation
Erytopoietin secreting tumors
Pheochromocytoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Hemangioblastoma (vascular tumor of CNS)
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Homer Wright rosettes
Ring of black cells surrounding purple cells in center
Adrenal
Adrenal neuroblastoma
Thyroid development
- begins
- drived
- remnants
Begins 3rd week gestation
Derived from endoderm from the floor of the primitive pharynx
Thyroglossal duct
Foramen cecum
Foramen cecum
Thyroid remnant
In middle of tongue
Thyroglossal duct
Retain connect from thyroid to tongue
Moves with swallowing
Midline mass
Hypothyroidism effect on LDL and cholesterol
Increased LDL and total cholesterol
Iodide (I-) –> Iodine (I2) enzyme
Process called
Peroxidase
Organification
How does pregnancy affect thyroid levels
Increases thyroid binding globulin (TBG)
- Estrogen upregulates
Binds up circulating thyroid hormone Thyroid sense T3/T4 dropping so releases more Total T4/T3 increased Free T3/T4 normal TSH decreased
Cause of congenital hypothyroidism that can be prevented
Iodine deficiency
Iodine to diet
Graves disease features specifically to it
Exophthalmos
Pretibial myxedema
connective tissue deposit in orbit, extraocular muscles, thickening of skin in front of shins due to deposition
Hyperthyroid tx first trimester
Hyperthyroid tx 2nd and 3rd trimester
1st: PTU
2nd/3rd: Methiamzole
Thyroiditis
- tx
Transient elevation of thyroid hormone –> hypothyroidism
Tx : beta blockers
Mass in thyroid
Increase in calcitonin
- Proliferation
- Assoc
- Mutation
- Activation
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Proliferation of parafollicular C cells
MEN2A MEN 2B
RET gene mutation
Activation of tyrosine kinase
Thyroid cancer activation of tyrosine kinase
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Follicular thyroid carcinoma
GLUT1
GLUT2
GLUT3
GLUT4
GLUT5
GLUT1
- RBCs
- Brain
GLUT2
- beta cells
- Liver
- Small intestine
- Renal cells
GLUT4 (Insulin dependent)
- Adipose tissue
- Skeletal
Type 1 DM HLA
HLA DR3- DQ2 and HLA DR4- DQ8