Endo = diabetes

Question 1

which type of diabetes is more prevalent in kids?

Answer 1

type 1 (insulin insufficiency - b cells in pancreas destroyed so no insulin is produced) - 97%

Question 2

whats a normal glucose fasting value vs diabetic ?

Answer 2

normal fasting glucose - 3.5-5.6

diabetic fasting glucose - >7.0

Question 3

what’s another test you can do after random/fasting glucoses/HbA1c to confirm diabetes?
a pretty classic endocrine test

Answer 3

Oral glucose tolerance test

give them glucose and then measure their blood sugar, if it goes above 11.1 then diabetic

Question 4

investigations in diabetes?

Answer 4

HbA1c - 3 month average of glucose

autoimmune screen

Question 5

what does insulin do?

Answer 5

stimulates glucose uptake by the cells. thus lowering the blood sugar level. secreted when blood sugar is high.
stimulates glycogen formation

Question 6

what does glucagon do?

Answer 6

increases blood sugar by the breakdown of glycogen

Question 7

if there is no insulin in the blood, what does this mean for cells?

Answer 7

no insulin can get into the cells so they have to break down fatty acids to ketone bodies for energy instead
- these are acidic - can lead to DKA

Question 8

how does diabetic ketoacidosis present?

Answer 8

fruity, acetone breath
vomiting (as the body tries to offload acid)
dehydration
abdominal pain
hyperventilation (kussmaul respiration)
hypovolaemic shock
drowsy, coma, death

Question 9

treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis?

Answer 9

1 - fluids (saline) - slowly - cerebral oedema risk
2- give insulin after an hour of fluids
3 - give potassium (insulin moves K into cells)

Question 10

how can type 1 diabetes present in kids?

Answer 10

weight loss
polyuria (may lose continence/bed wet)
polydipsia

infections such as candida

Question 11

complications of obesity? 2 big 3 small

Answer 11

hypertension
coronary heart disease

retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy

Question 12

whats hypoglycaemia - how does it present?

Answer 12

low sugar <3.5
dizzy, confused, headache
drowsy, cant concentrate
visual, hearing and speech problems
odd behaviour, irritable 
loss of consciousness/seizures
shakey. sweaty. anxious, pale
palpitations
hungry
nauseous

Question 13

treatment of hypoglycaemia

Answer 13

mild - oral sugary drink PLUS biscuit
moderate - glucogel
severe - NBM, glucagon SC/IM