Endo and metabolism Flashcards
What are the functions of cortisol?
Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis. Suppresses immune function (anti-inflammatory).
What are the functions of aldosterone?
Increases reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of Na and therefore water.
Lowers K because increases secretion of K (Na/K ATPase).
What are the functions of thyroxine?
increases metabolic rate ‘master controller’.
(also increased oxygen consumption and HR)
How? increased expression of genes of structural/functional proteins and those controlling thermogenesis.
What is Addison’s disease?
Primary adrenocortical insufficiency. Means lacking in all 3 adrenal steroid hormones: cortisol, aldosterone, eostrogen/ testosterone
BMI definition
Weight in kg/ (height in metres)2 squared
Normal BMI
18.5-25
Obese BMI
> 30
Overweight BMI
25-30
Kwashiorkor
severe protein deficit, (moderate carb deficit). Oedema.
Marasmus
extreme malnutrition, total wasting
Why is kwashiorkor more severe in Africa?
aspergillus fungus on corn/ peanuts makes aflatoxin
cachexia
high TNF alpha. An extreme example of the loss of muscular and adipose tissue in terminal illness. The condition is caused in part by high levels of TNF-a (also called cachectin). e.g. occurs in cancer, AIDs.
acromegaly
excess of growth hormone in adulthood. Leads to abnormal soft tissues.
cretinism
lack of thyroid hormone during childhood, or as a foetus from maternal iodine deficiency
how many Australians are overweight and obese?
63%
Beriberi - cause and symptoms
Thiamin B1 deficiency
Symptoms: extreme weakness, paralysis, anaemia and wasting
later wet beriberi = albuminaemia
Pelagra - causes and symptoms
Tryptophan (essential amino acid) deficiency leads to niacin (B3) deficiency
4 Ds: dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia, death
What are the two different types of thyroid hormone? Which one is more abundant, and which one is more potent?
T3 triiodthyronone - more potent, only 10-20% T4 thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine) - more abundant
What is the function of calcitonin and which gland produces it?
Thyroid gland. Increases deposition of calcium and phosphate in bones.
where is the embryological origin of the thyroid gland?
foramen caecum of tongue
what level is the bifurcation of the common carotid artery into the internal and external carotids?
C3/4
What nerves supply sensory innervation of the neck?
cervical plexus (ventral rami of C1-C4): ant and lateral neck Posterior neck: dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves
where should you do an emergency airway?
cricothyroid membrane = cricothyrotomy
Find by palpating cricoid notch (Adam’s apple) then slide finger inferiorly to find space below.
what spinal level is the lower border of the cricoid?
C6
