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Miriam MD1 > Endo and metabolism > Flashcards

Endo and metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of cortisol?

A

Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis. Suppresses immune function (anti-inflammatory).

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2
Q

What are the functions of aldosterone?

A

Increases reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of Na and therefore water.
Lowers K because increases secretion of K (Na/K ATPase).

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3
Q

What are the functions of thyroxine?

A

increases metabolic rate ‘master controller’.
(also increased oxygen consumption and HR)
How? increased expression of genes of structural/functional proteins and those controlling thermogenesis.

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4
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Primary adrenocortical insufficiency. Means lacking in all 3 adrenal steroid hormones: cortisol, aldosterone, eostrogen/ testosterone

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5
Q

BMI definition

A

Weight in kg/ (height in metres)2 squared

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6
Q

Normal BMI

A

18.5-25

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7
Q

Obese BMI

A

> 30

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8
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25-30

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9
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

severe protein deficit, (moderate carb deficit). Oedema.

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10
Q

Marasmus

A

extreme malnutrition, total wasting

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11
Q

Why is kwashiorkor more severe in Africa?

A

aspergillus fungus on corn/ peanuts makes aflatoxin

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12
Q

cachexia

A

high TNF alpha. An extreme example of the loss of muscular and adipose tissue in terminal illness. The condition is caused in part by high levels of TNF-a (also called cachectin). e.g. occurs in cancer, AIDs.

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13
Q

acromegaly

A

excess of growth hormone in adulthood. Leads to abnormal soft tissues.

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14
Q

cretinism

A

lack of thyroid hormone during childhood, or as a foetus from maternal iodine deficiency

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15
Q

how many Australians are overweight and obese?

A

63%

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16
Q

Beriberi - cause and symptoms

A

Thiamin B1 deficiency
Symptoms: extreme weakness, paralysis, anaemia and wasting
later wet beriberi = albuminaemia

17
Q

Pelagra - causes and symptoms

A

Tryptophan (essential amino acid) deficiency leads to niacin (B3) deficiency
4 Ds: dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia, death

18
Q

What are the two different types of thyroid hormone? Which one is more abundant, and which one is more potent?

A 
T3 triiodthyronone - more potent, only 10-20%
T4 thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine)  - more abundant
19
Q

What is the function of calcitonin and which gland produces it?

A

Thyroid gland. Increases deposition of calcium and phosphate in bones.

20
Q

where is the embryological origin of the thyroid gland?

A

foramen caecum of tongue

21
Q

what level is the bifurcation of the common carotid artery into the internal and external carotids?

A

C3/4

22
Q

What nerves supply sensory innervation of the neck?

A 
cervical plexus (ventral rami of C1-C4): ant and lateral neck
Posterior neck: dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves
23
Q

where should you do an emergency airway?

A

cricothyroid membrane = cricothyrotomy

Find by palpating cricoid notch (Adam’s apple) then slide finger inferiorly to find space below.

24
Q

what spinal level is the lower border of the cricoid?

A

C6

25
Q

what do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx do?

A

alter position of the vocal ligements (to produce speech)

26
Q

which muscle of the pharynx is the only one innervated by CN IX?

A

stylopharyngeus

27
Q

what is the main motor innervation of the pharynx?

A

CN X vagus

28
Q

what does salpingopharyngeus do?

A

pulls on auditory tube to unblock it

29
Q

Waldeyer’s ring - what is it, what are its components?

A

Tonsillar ring. incomplete ring of lymphoid tissue that guards nasal and oral cavities.
Pharyngeal tonsils = adenoids, posterior nasopharynx
Tubal tonsils - adjacent to auditory tube
Palatine tonsils = ‘the tonsils’, b/n palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds
Lingual tonsils - on post 1/3 of tongue

30
Q

How does orlistat function and what is it used for?

A

For weight loss.
Decreases dietary fat absorption
-inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipases

31
Q

How do sulphonylureas drugs function? e.g. Glipizide
Glibenclamide
chlorpropramide

A

Oral hypoglycaemic
↑insulin release (upregulates β cells)
-blocks K channel (that is ATP sensitive) → depolarisation → Ca influx →insulin release

32
Q

What is phentermine used for? Mechanism of action?

A

Weight loss.
Sympathomimetic (amphetamine derivative - therefore short-term use only)
-↑ NA avail (displaces NA from vesicles)
-NA suppresses appetite

33
Q

What are considerations when using orlistat?

A

low fat diet, supplement vits D and E

34
Q

How do biguanides work? What is the name of the common biguanide?

A

Metformin - oral hypoglycaemic that increases peripheral glucose uptake.
Activate AMP kinase
↑peripheral glucose uptake (insulin-mediated)
↓ hepatic gluconeogenesis
↓ cholesterol (LDL and triglycerides)
anorexia can lead to weight-loss

Miriam MD1 (6 decks)

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