ENDO

Question 1

What class (and name/s) of drugs can be used to treat hyperprolactinemia?

Answer 1

dopamine agonists, bromocriptine and cabergoline

“Cabergoline is a dopamine agonist. Dopamine agonists, such as cabergoline and bromocriptine, inhibit prolactin secretion and cause shrinkage of prolactin producing adenomas. Prolactin secretion is inhibited by dopamine and increased by thyroid releasing hormone, both of which are synthesized in the hypothalamus. Prolactin down regulates is own production by promoting dopamine secretion from the hypothalamus.”

Question 2

What can be used to treat hyponatremia caused by SIADH?

Answer 2

Demeclocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic used to treat hyponatremia caused by SIADH. Demeclocycline induces a nephrogenic diabetes insipidus by impairing the action of antidiuretic hormone.

Question 3

What hormone would a PanNET comprised of delta-cells secrete, is there a specific location for this tumor, what are the consequences of this hormone?

Answer 3

delta-cells make somatostatin = SOMATOSTATINOMA
mostly found in head of the pancreas
Somatostatin inhibits release of: TSH, GH, insulin, glucagon, gastrin, and CCK.

Question 4

Vitamin D synthesis pathway?

Answer 4

1) 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin reacts with UVB light = vit D3/cholecalciferol
2) cholecalciferol to liver to add first -OH = 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
3) 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to kidney for second -OH = 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol/calcitriol = bioactive form

Question 5

What are these describing: histologic examination reveals cells containing nuclei with an empty appearance. Round foci of calcification are identified within the tumor?

Answer 5

Orphan Annie nuclei = *papillary CA of thyroid

Psamomma bodies - dystrophic calcification - *papillary CA of thyroid