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Board Review > BIOCHEM--Cellular > Flashcards

BIOCHEM--Cellular Flashcards

1
Q

what are the cell cycle phases?

A

M
G1/G0
S
G2

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2
Q

M phase includes…

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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3
Q

what are the parts of mitosis

A 
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
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4
Q

What is the shortest phase of the cell cycle

A

M

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5
Q

4 components involved in regulation of the Cell Cycle

A
  1. cyclin dependent kinases
  2. cyclins
  3. cyclin-CDK complexes
  4. tumor suppressors
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6
Q

What do cyclin-CDK complexes do?

A

phosphorylate other proteins to coordinate cell cycle PROGRESSION

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7
Q

What do tumor suppressors do?

A

p53 induces p21, which inhibits CDK&raquo_space;> stop progression of cycle from G1 to S

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8
Q

What are permanent cells?

A

Cells that stay in G0

regenerate from stem cells

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9
Q

Examples of permanent cells

A

neurons
skeletal and cardiac muscle
RBC

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10
Q

What is a stable/quiescent cell?

A

enters G1 from G0 when stimulated

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11
Q

examples of stable/quiescent cells

A

hepatocytes
lymphocytes
PCT
periosteal cells

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12
Q

what are labile cells?

A

never go to G0, divide rapidly with a short G1.

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13
Q

examples of labile cells

A 
bone marrow
gut epithelium
skin
hair follicules
germ cells
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14
Q

which type of cells are most affected by chemotherapy?

A

labile cells

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15
Q

Vesicular trafficking proteins: COP I

A

Golgi&raquo_space; Golgi (retrograde)

cis-Golgi&raquo_space; ER

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16
Q

Vesicular trafficking proteins: COP II

A

ER&raquo_space; cis-Golgi (anterograde)

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17
Q

Vesicular trafficking proteins: Clathrin

A

trans-Golgi&raquo_space;lysosomes

plasma membrane&raquo_space; endosomes

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18
Q

What is Zellweger Syndrome

A

AR disorder of peroxisome biogenesis
mutated PEX genes
Hypotonia, seizures, hepatomegaly, early death

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19
Q

What is Refsum Disease

A

AR disorder of alpha-oxidation, so phytanix acid not metabolized to pristanic acid

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20
Q

what 4 processes are peroxisomes involved in?

A
  1. beta-oxidation of very-long-chain FA
  2. alpha-oxidation (a strictly peroxisomal thing)
  3. catabolism of branched-chain FA, AA, and EtOH
  4. synthesis of cholesterol, bile acids, and plasmalogens
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21
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy

A

x linked recessive

Disorder of beta-oxidation&raquo_space; VLCFA build up in adrenals, white matter of brain, testes

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22
Q

What is a proteasome

A

a barrel-shaped protein complex that degrades damaged or ubiquitin-tagged proteins.

23
Q

Defects in the ubiquitin-proteasome system have been implicated in some cases of what?

A

parkinson’s disease

24
Q

Microfilaments:

  1. Function
  2. Examples
A
  1. muscle contractions, cytokinesis

2. actin, microvilli

25
Q

Intermediate filaments:

  1. Function
  2. Examples
A
  1. maintain cell structure

2. vimentin, desmin, cytokeratin, lamin, GFAP, neurofilaments

26
Q

Microtubules:

  1. Function
  2. Examples
A
  1. movement, cell division

2. cilia, flagella, mitotic spindle, axonal trafficking, centrioles

27
Q

Describe the structure of a microtubule

A

cylindrical outer structure made of helical array of polymerized heterodimers of alpha and beta tubulin. Has a (+) and (-) end

28
Q

Each tubulin dimer has ___ ___ bound.

A

2 GTP

29
Q

Microtubules grow ___, and collapse ___.

A

grow slowly, collapse quickly

30
Q

Molecular motor proteins travel along microtubules.

Who goes which way?

A

Dynein travels retrograde to microtubule (+ to -)

Kinesin travels anterograde to microtubule (- to +)

31
Q

in which direction are microtubules oriented in the cell?

A

Negative end Near Nucleus

Positive end Points to Periphery

32
Q

Most abundant protein in the human body

A

collagen

33
Q

Collagen types and what they are found in

A

I: Bone, skin, tendon
II: carTWOlage
III: reticulin
IV: basement membrane

“Be (So Totally) Cool, Read Books”

34
Q

Collagen is 1/3 ___

A

glycine

35
Q

Vit C is required for ___ of proline and lysine residues in collagen.

A

Hydroxylation

36
Q

Steps in collagen formation

A
  1. synthesis
  2. hydroxylation
  3. glycosylation
  4. exocytosis
  5. proteolytic processing
  6. Cross-linking
37
Q

If can’t form triple helix of 3 collagen alpha-chains, you have what condition?

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

38
Q

if you cant cleave the disulfide-rich terminal region of procollagen to create insoluble tropocollagen, what condition do you have?

A

Ehlers-Danlos

39
Q

If you cant cross-link to make collagen fibrils, what condition do u have?

A

Ehlers-Danlos, or menkes disease

40
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta: most commonly caused by which genetic defects?

A

COL1A1, COL1A2

41
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta: what is the most common form of this disease?

A

AD with decreased production of NORMAL type 1 collagen

42
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Manifestations

A

multiple fractures w/ minimal trauma
blue sclera
tooth abnormalities
hearing loss

43
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta can be confused with…

A

child abuse

44
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta: treatment

A

bisphosphonates to decrease fracture risk

45
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta: “Patients can’t BITE” pneumonic

A

Bones = multiple fx
I (eye) = blue sclera
Teeth = dental imperfections
Ear = hearing loss

46
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: what is it?

A

faulty collagen synthesis causing hyperextensible skin, hypermobile joints, and tendency to bleed (easy bruising).

47
Q

Most common type of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

A

Hypermobility type with joint instability

48
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, classical type: what mutation, and what kind of symptoms

A

mutation of type V collagen (COL5A1, COL5A2)

joint and skin symptoms

49
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, vascular type: mutation and symptoms

A

Deficient type III procollagen

fragile tissues incl vessels, muscles, organs that are prone to rupture

50
Q

Menkes Disease: what is it

A

X linked recessive CT disease caused by impaired copper absorption and transport bc defective menkes protein&raquo_space;> decreased activity of lysyl oxidase

51
Q

Menkes Disease: Clin

A

Brittle “kinky” hair, growth retardation, hypotonia

52
Q

Marfan Syndrome: mutated gene and inheritence

A

FBN1 on chr 15, AD

53
Q

Marfan Syndrome: mutation leads to what?

A

Defective fibrillin, causing a CT disorder affecting the skeleton, heart, and eyes.

54
Q

Marfan Syndrome: Clinical findings

A 
Tall w/ long extremities
pectus carinatum
hyper mobile joints 
long tapering fingers/ toes
cystic medial necrosis of aorta
aortic incompetence
dissecting aortic aneurysms
floppy mitral valve
subluxation of lenses upward and temporarily

Board Review (11 decks)

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