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BIOM2011 > Endo > Flashcards

Endo Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hypothalamus made up of

A
  • Nuclei (concentrations of neuronal cell bodies)
  • Nerve tracts (axons)
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2
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A

Regulates and coordinates responses to changes in the external and internal environment

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3
Q

What behavior does the hypothalamus regulate

A
  • Reproductive
  • feeding
  • rage
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4
Q

What does the hypothalamus maintain

A
  • body temperature
  • metabolism (hunger, safety, body mass, metabolic rate)
  • water balance (blood volume, thirst/intake, urine output)
  • growth
  • stress
  • reproduction
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5
Q

What are the 2 main neurohormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

A
  • Vasopressin (Anti-diuretic Hormone - ADH)
  • Oxytocin
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6
Q

What are the actions caused by vasopressin

A
  • Decrease water excretion in kidneys (anti-diuretic)
  • Vasoconstriction
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7
Q

What are the actions caused by oxytocin

A
  • Parturition: stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle
  • Lactation: milk ejection during breastfeeding due to contraction of smooth muscle
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8
Q

What stimulates oxytocin to secrete

A
  • Pressure of baby in birth canal
  • Sucking baby
  • fear and anxiety
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9
Q

What are 5 different types endocrine cells, each producing their own hormones

A
  1. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) → Thyrotrophs (Thyroid gland)
  2. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic) → Corticotrophs (Adrenal cortex)
  3. Prolactin → Lactotrophs (breast)
  4. GH (Growth Hormone) → Somatotrophs (Liver and other tissues)
  5. LH (Luteinising Hormone) and FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) → Gonadotrophins (Gonads)
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10
Q

What are the actions of Prolactin

A
  • Stimulates alveolar epithelium of mammary gland to synthesise and secrete of milk
  • many non reproductive roles such as immune system and behaviour
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11
Q

What other hormones are required for milk synthesis (lactopoiesis)

A
  • cortisol
  • thyroid hormone
  • insulin
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12
Q

What are the Growth Hormone concentrations in blood during the day/night

A

Low levels during day time (when awake)

high levels from 10pm-4am (when sleeping)

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13
Q

How does the growth hormone pulsatile between females and males

A
  • Females = small amplitude, frequent (more continuous)
  • Males = large amplitude, infrequent (more pulsatile)
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14
Q

What are the actions of Growth Hormone

A
  • Increases number and size of cells un soft tissues such as skeletal muscle
  • increases thickness and length of long bones
  • also has metabolic effects
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15
Q

What is involved in the regulation of Growth Hormone

A

From the hypothalamus there is an increase in GHRH and a decreases in Somatostain this leads to the anterior pituitary gland to produce GH which then targets the Liver and other tissues

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16
Q

What is activated in Growth Hormone signaling

A

Growth hormone activates theJanus kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway

17
Q

Why are plasma IGF1 levels so stable from hour to hour when its secretion is stimulated by a pulsatile pattern of HG

A

Synthesis takes time following GH = lag but also OGF binding proteins maintain pool circulating IGF1

18
Q

In the growth of long bones, what causes the difference in between proliferation and hypertrophy

A
  • Proliferation is due to GH
  • Hypertrophy is due to IGF1
19
Q

What happens to GH/IGF1 after growth plate closure in long bones

A

They can no longer cause further growth however can increase the thickness of bones)

20
Q

GH by its self does not create optimal growth, what is needed to achieve optimal growth?

A
  • Thyroid hormones
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Sex steroids (Testosterone & Oestrogen)
  • Insulin
21
Q

What is excess GH called in children and what can it cause?

A

Gigantism, usally abnormally tall however they will have normal body proportions

22
Q

How do other growth drugs work such as Sermorelin, Mecasermin, Octreotide, and Lanreotride

A
  • Sermorelin = GHRH agonist
  • Mecasermin = rhIGF1
  • Octreotide = Somatostain analogue (inhibit GH excess)
  • Lanreotride = similar to Octreotide used for thyroid tumours

BIOM2011 (13 decks)

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