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DIT Endocrine > Endo 0 > Flashcards

Endo 0 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the acute phase cytokines?

A

IL-1. Il-6. TNF-alpha.

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2
Q

What agents are used in the treatment of Parkinson disease?

A

[BALSA] Bromocriptine. Amantadine. Levadopa. Selegiline. Antimuscarinics (benztropine).

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3
Q

What are the tumor markers for pancreatic cancer?

A

CA 19-9 and CEA.

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4
Q

What are the two nervous tissue bundles that run thru the GI tract, and where are they located?

A

Meissner’s plexus (submucosa). Auerbach’s plexus (outer layer of muscularis externa).

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5
Q

What disease specifically damage the anterior horn?

A

Polio. West Nile virus. ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).

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6
Q

A CT scan of the chest reveals bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. What is the diagnosis?

A

Sarcoidosis.

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7
Q

An abdominal aortic aneurysm is most likely a consequence of what process?

A

Smoking. Atherosclerosis.

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8
Q

What is pulsus paradoxus, and what are the causes?

A

Systolic blood pressure drops by more than 10 mmHg with inspiration. Causes are Asthma, COPD, Cardiac tamponade.

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9
Q

Your study shows that high LDL does not increases one’s risk of CAD. What type of error is this?

A

Type II error.

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10
Q

What patient groups must avoid fluoroquinolones?

A

Children. Pregnant women.

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11
Q

How is hnRNA processed before it leaves the nucleus?

A

5’cap and poly-A tail added. Introns spliced out.

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12
Q

A 4-year old girl complains of pain in her genitalia. On exam, a discharge is noticed and a smear of the discharge shows Neisseria gonorrhoeae. How was she infected?

A

Childhood sexual abuse.

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13
Q

What are the qualities of a Schizotypal?

A

Interpersonal awkwardness, odd thoughts, odd appearance, strange behavior.

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14
Q

What are the qualities of a schizophrenic?

A

Delusions or hallucinations. +/- negative symptoms. More than 6 months.

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of a Schizoaffective?

A

Schizophrenia symptoms + mood disorders.

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Schizoid?

A

Personality disorder w/ voluntary social withdrawal.

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of Schizophreniform?

A

Schizophrenia symptoms that last more than 1 month but fewer than 6 months.

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18
Q

What is the treatment for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

Hydrochlorothiazide. Amiloride (treats lithium intox by blocking sodium channels in the principal cells so lithium can’t get in). Indomethacin (reduces renal blood flow).

19
Q

How do acidosis and alkalosis affect extracellular K+ concentrations?

A

Acidosis: Increase in extracellular K+ concentration. Alkalosis: Decrease in extracellular K+ conc.

20
Q

What are the stages of behavioral change?

A

Precontemplation. Contemplation. Preparation. Action. Maintenance.

21
Q

What is the characteristic sequence of the promotor region? What does a mutation in the sequence cause?

A

TATA box or Hogness box (-25 sequence). CAAT box (-75 sequence). Causes a decrease of transcription of gene.

22
Q

In which causes of vaginal discharge/vaginitis will the pH be High? When will it be low?

A

High in Bacterial vaginosis (Gardnerella, Mobiluncus, etc). Trichomonas. Low in Physiologic discharge. Candida.

23
Q

What cell wall inhibitor is the next step in treatment of otitis media if resistant to amoxicillin?

A

Amoxicillin with Clavulanic acid.

24
Q

What cell wall inhibitor is prophylaxis against bacterial endocarditis?

A

Penicillin V.

25
Q

What cell wall inhibitor causes increase in nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides?

A

Cephalosporins.

26
Q

What cell wall inhibitor is sufficient for the treatment of syphilis?

A

Penicillin G.

27
Q

What cell wall inhibitor causes single-dose treatment for gonorrhea?

A

Ceftriaxone.

28
Q

What is the equation for determining the confidence interval (CI)?

A

CI= range from [mean-Z(SEM)] to [mean +Z(SEM)]

For 95% CI, Z=1.96. For 99% CI, Z= 2.58.

29
Q

What are the Kubler-Ross stages of grief?

A

Denial. Anger. Bargaining. Grieving (or depression). Acceptance.

30
Q

What questions are asked during Phase I of clinical drug development?

A

Is the drug safe?

31
Q

What questions are asked during Phase II of clinical drug development?

A

Does it work? (Is it efficacious?)

32
Q

What questions are asked during Phase III of clinical drug development?

A

Does it work better?

33
Q

What questions are asked during Phase IV of clinical drug development?

A

Post-market surveillance.

34
Q

What are the common causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Sarcoidosis. Amyloidosis. Hemochromatosis. Loeffler’s disease. Endocardial fibroelastosis. Post radiation fibrosis.

35
Q

What histological change takes place in the trachea of a smoker?

A

Metaplasia. Ciliated columnar epithelium becomes squamous epithelium.

36
Q

A tall, thin male teenager has abrupt onset dyspnea and left-sided chest pain. Percussion on the affected side reveals hyperresonance, and breath sounds are diminished. What is the diagnosis?

A

Spontaneous pneumothorax.

37
Q

Which ECG leads will show evidence of ischemia in an inferior wall MI?

A

Leads II, III, aVF.

38
Q

In a population of 100 workers that worked to clean an oil spill on a beach, 10 developed leukemia. In a population of 1K hotel beach umbrella monitors on a clean beach, 50 develop leukemia. What is the attributable risk?

A

AR: [A/(A+B)] - [C/(C-D)]. A=10. B=100-10=90. C=50. D=1000-50=950. AR = 0.05.

39
Q

What is the number needed to harm?

A

How many people needed to be exposed to have one harmful outcome. Need to know the attributable risk. Then, NNH = 1/AR.

40
Q

Which class of antibiotics inhibits prokaryotic DNA topoisomerase?

A

Fluoroquinolones.

41
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Positive: hallucinations, delusions, strange behavior, loose associations. Negative: Flat affect, social withdrawal, thought blocking, poor motivation, poor grooming, alogia.

42
Q

What structural motifs allow for proteins to bind to DNA?

A

Helix-loop-Helix. Helix-turn-helix. Zinc finger motif. Leucine Zipper Protein.

43
Q

What substance inhibits RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes, causing liver damage?

A

Alpha-amanitin found in death cap mushrooms.

44
Q

What type of antipsychotic is often the first line of treatment for psychosis? Which antipsychotic should be reserved for severe, refractory cases because of agranulocytosis?

A

Atypical antipsychotics (risperido). Use clozapine as last resort.

DIT Endocrine (12 decks)

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