Endo 0 Flashcards
What are the acute phase cytokines?
IL-1. Il-6. TNF-alpha.
What agents are used in the treatment of Parkinson disease?
[BALSA] Bromocriptine. Amantadine. Levadopa. Selegiline. Antimuscarinics (benztropine).
What are the tumor markers for pancreatic cancer?
CA 19-9 and CEA.
What are the two nervous tissue bundles that run thru the GI tract, and where are they located?
Meissner’s plexus (submucosa). Auerbach’s plexus (outer layer of muscularis externa).
What disease specifically damage the anterior horn?
Polio. West Nile virus. ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).
A CT scan of the chest reveals bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. What is the diagnosis?
Sarcoidosis.
An abdominal aortic aneurysm is most likely a consequence of what process?
Smoking. Atherosclerosis.
What is pulsus paradoxus, and what are the causes?
Systolic blood pressure drops by more than 10 mmHg with inspiration. Causes are Asthma, COPD, Cardiac tamponade.
Your study shows that high LDL does not increases one’s risk of CAD. What type of error is this?
Type II error.
What patient groups must avoid fluoroquinolones?
Children. Pregnant women.
How is hnRNA processed before it leaves the nucleus?
5’cap and poly-A tail added. Introns spliced out.
A 4-year old girl complains of pain in her genitalia. On exam, a discharge is noticed and a smear of the discharge shows Neisseria gonorrhoeae. How was she infected?
Childhood sexual abuse.
What are the qualities of a Schizotypal?
Interpersonal awkwardness, odd thoughts, odd appearance, strange behavior.
What are the qualities of a schizophrenic?
Delusions or hallucinations. +/- negative symptoms. More than 6 months.
What are the symptoms of a Schizoaffective?
Schizophrenia symptoms + mood disorders.
What are the symptoms of Schizoid?
Personality disorder w/ voluntary social withdrawal.
What are the symptoms of Schizophreniform?
Schizophrenia symptoms that last more than 1 month but fewer than 6 months.
What is the treatment for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Hydrochlorothiazide. Amiloride (treats lithium intox by blocking sodium channels in the principal cells so lithium can’t get in). Indomethacin (reduces renal blood flow).
How do acidosis and alkalosis affect extracellular K+ concentrations?
Acidosis: Increase in extracellular K+ concentration. Alkalosis: Decrease in extracellular K+ conc.
What are the stages of behavioral change?
Precontemplation. Contemplation. Preparation. Action. Maintenance.
What is the characteristic sequence of the promotor region? What does a mutation in the sequence cause?
TATA box or Hogness box (-25 sequence). CAAT box (-75 sequence). Causes a decrease of transcription of gene.
In which causes of vaginal discharge/vaginitis will the pH be High? When will it be low?
High in Bacterial vaginosis (Gardnerella, Mobiluncus, etc). Trichomonas. Low in Physiologic discharge. Candida.
What cell wall inhibitor is the next step in treatment of otitis media if resistant to amoxicillin?
Amoxicillin with Clavulanic acid.
What cell wall inhibitor is prophylaxis against bacterial endocarditis?
Penicillin V.
What cell wall inhibitor causes increase in nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides?
Cephalosporins.
What cell wall inhibitor is sufficient for the treatment of syphilis?
Penicillin G.
What cell wall inhibitor causes single-dose treatment for gonorrhea?
Ceftriaxone.
What is the equation for determining the confidence interval (CI)?
CI= range from [mean-Z(SEM)] to [mean +Z(SEM)]
For 95% CI, Z=1.96. For 99% CI, Z= 2.58.
What are the Kubler-Ross stages of grief?
Denial. Anger. Bargaining. Grieving (or depression). Acceptance.
What questions are asked during Phase I of clinical drug development?
Is the drug safe?
What questions are asked during Phase II of clinical drug development?
Does it work? (Is it efficacious?)
What questions are asked during Phase III of clinical drug development?
Does it work better?
What questions are asked during Phase IV of clinical drug development?
Post-market surveillance.
What are the common causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Sarcoidosis. Amyloidosis. Hemochromatosis. Loeffler’s disease. Endocardial fibroelastosis. Post radiation fibrosis.
What histological change takes place in the trachea of a smoker?
Metaplasia. Ciliated columnar epithelium becomes squamous epithelium.
A tall, thin male teenager has abrupt onset dyspnea and left-sided chest pain. Percussion on the affected side reveals hyperresonance, and breath sounds are diminished. What is the diagnosis?
Spontaneous pneumothorax.
Which ECG leads will show evidence of ischemia in an inferior wall MI?
Leads II, III, aVF.
In a population of 100 workers that worked to clean an oil spill on a beach, 10 developed leukemia. In a population of 1K hotel beach umbrella monitors on a clean beach, 50 develop leukemia. What is the attributable risk?
AR: [A/(A+B)] - [C/(C-D)]. A=10. B=100-10=90. C=50. D=1000-50=950. AR = 0.05.
What is the number needed to harm?
How many people needed to be exposed to have one harmful outcome. Need to know the attributable risk. Then, NNH = 1/AR.
Which class of antibiotics inhibits prokaryotic DNA topoisomerase?
Fluoroquinolones.
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Positive: hallucinations, delusions, strange behavior, loose associations. Negative: Flat affect, social withdrawal, thought blocking, poor motivation, poor grooming, alogia.
What structural motifs allow for proteins to bind to DNA?
Helix-loop-Helix. Helix-turn-helix. Zinc finger motif. Leucine Zipper Protein.
What substance inhibits RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes, causing liver damage?
Alpha-amanitin found in death cap mushrooms.
What type of antipsychotic is often the first line of treatment for psychosis? Which antipsychotic should be reserved for severe, refractory cases because of agranulocytosis?
Atypical antipsychotics (risperido). Use clozapine as last resort.
