End 1 - Endocrine Overview Flashcards
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers that transmit signals between tissues in separate parts of the body.
What proteins do alpha-1 receptors use?
Gq.
What proteins do alpha 2 receptors use?
Gi.
What proteins do beta receptors use?
Gs.
What protein stimulates the cAMP pathway? Which protein inhibit this pathway?
Gs stimulates this pathway. Gi inhibits this pathway.
Which secondary messenger do FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH use?
They use cAMP. They are all anterior pituitary hormones.
What hormones use the cAMP pathway?
FSH. LH. ACTH. TSH. hCG. MSH. GHRH. CRH. PTH. Calcitonin. Glucagon. V2 vasopressin receptor.
What protein stimulates the Inositol triphosphate (IP3) pathway?
Gq.
What hormones use Inositol triphosphate (IP3) pathway?
GnRH and TRH: both are hypothalamic hormones. Oxytocin and V1 Vasopressin: posterior pituitary hormones.
Which hormones use the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway?
GH. Insulin. IGF-1. PDGF. FGF. Cytokines. Prolactin.
Which hormones use the cGMP pathway?
Nitric Oxide (NO). Atrial natruretic peptide (ANP).
Which hormones use the steroid receptors?
Estrogens, progesterones, testosterone. Glucocorticoids. Aldosterone. Thyroid hormone. Vitamin D.
How do steroid receptors work?
They act on intracellular receptors to regulate gene transcription.
Why is the availability of the binding globulin for a particular steroid hormone important?
Steroid hormones are lipophilic, so in order to travel they must bind to their perspective globulin. Therefore, the availability of the binding globulin affects the amount of available free hormone and therefore the activity of the steroid hormone; if there is an increase in sex binding globulin, it will bind up the excess testosterone and will cause a functional low testosterone state, giving the patient gynecomastia.
What hormone stimulates bone and muscle growth?
GH.
What hormone stimulates milk production and secretion?
Prolactin.
What hormone stimulates stimulates milk secretion during lactation?
Oxytocin.
What hormone Is responsible for female secondary sex characteristics?
Estrogen.
What hormone stimulates metabolic activity?
Thyroid hormone.
What hormone increases blood glucose level and decreases protein synthesis?
Glucocorticoids.
What hormone is responsible for male secondary characteristics?
Testosterone.
What hormone prepares endometrium for implantation/maintenance for pregnancy?
Progesterone.
What hormone stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete cortisol?
ACTH.
What hormone stimulates follicle maturation in females and spermatogenesis in males?
FSH.
What hormone increases plasma calcium, increases bone resorption?
PTH.
What hormone decreases plasma calcium, increases bone formation?
Calcitonin.
What hormone stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone synthesis in males?
LH.
What hormone stimulates thyroid to produce TH and uptake iodine?
TSH.
From where is Growth hormone released?
Anterior pituitary.
From where is thyroid hormone released?
Thyroid.
From where is glucocorticoids (cortisol) released?
Adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata).
From where is progesterone released?
Ovaries (and placenta during pregnancy).
From where is prolactin released?
Anterior pituitary.
From where is Oxytocin released?
Made in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary.
From where is Atrial natriuretic hormone released?
Atria of heart.
From where is Glucagon released?
Alpha-cells of the pancreas.
From where is testosterone released?
Testes (men) and ovaries (women). Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex.
From where is Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) released?
Anterior pituitary.
From where is Vasopressin released?
Made in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Stored in the posterior pituitary.
From where is Calcitonin released?
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid, AKA C-cells.
From where is Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) released?
Anterior pituitary.
From where is Epinephrine and norepinephrine released?
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
From where is Insulin released?
Beta cells of pancreas.
From where is Estradiol released?
Ovaries.
From where is Estriol released?
Placenta.
From where is Estrone released?
Fat cells.
From where is Estrogen males released?
Testes.
From where is Parathyroid hormone released?
Parathyroid glands.
From where is Somatostatin released?
Delta cells of the pancreas.
From where is Luteinizing hormone released?
Anterior pituitary.
From where is Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) released?
Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.
From where is Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) released?
Anterior pituitary.
In what part of the cell would you find steroid hormone receptors?
In the cytoplasm of the cell.
What clinical finding would you expect to find in a man w/ high sex hormone binding globulin?
Gynecomastia.
What clinical finding would you expect to find in a woman w/ low sex hormone binding globulin?
Hirsutism.
