End 10 - Obesity Flashcards
What is the equation for BMI?
Weight in kg/ (Height in meters)^2.
What is the BMI for underweight?
Less than 18.5.
What is the BMI for normal, healthy weight?
18.5 to 24.9.
What is the BMI for overweight?
25.0 to 29.9.
What is the BMI for Obese?
Equal or above 30.
What is the main function of adipocytes?
To store triglycerides (TGs). They can also synthesize fatty acids/TGs from carbohydrates. They breakdown stored fats, release fatty acids for energy. They also produce Leptin.
What are the 5 hypothalamic nuclei involved in the regulation of hunger? Which ones have a role in food intake and which ones involve Leptin?
Paraventricular nuclei. Dorsal medial nuclei. Arcuate nucleus. Lateral hypothalamus. Ventromedial nuclei. The first three are involved in food intake. The last 2 are involved w/ Leptin.
What does the Lateral hypothalamus do?
When stimulates, causes hunger. When inhibited, causes anorexia. It is inhibited by Leptin.
What does the ventromedial nuclei do?
Stimulated by Leptin. When stimulated, it causes satiety. When destroyed, it causes hyperphagia.
What 2 things stimulates the adipocytes to mobilize the fat stored?
Heavy exercise. Stress.
What is Lipodystrophy? What are three causes of it?
Distortions in the structure or function of adipose tissue such as local atrophy or hyperplasia. Can be cause by Cushing syndrome, Leptin deficiency, and HIV medication (protease inhibitors).
What 4 types of medications associated w/ increased appetite?
Atypical antipsychotics. Mirtazapine. Several diabetes drugs (insulin, TZDs, sulfonylureas). Some progestins.
What are the five criteria for Metabolic syndrome?
(You only need 3 to be diagnosed, not all are overweigt) Abdominal obesity: Waist circumference equal or above 40 in (102) in men or 35 in (88cm) in women. Tryglicerides equal or above 150mg/dl. HDL less than 40mg/dl in men, less than 50 in women. BP equal or above 130/85 mmHg. Fasting serum glucose equal or above 100 mg/dl (or 2 hour post oral glucose greater or equal to 140mg/dl).
What is NASH?
Non alcoholic Steato Hepatitis. Caused by insulin resistance at the liver which causes excess lipid accumulation in the liver. Can progress to cirrhosis, lead to hepatocellular carcinoma and worsen Hep C progression. Suspect if chronically elevated LFTs.
How is NASH diagnosed?
Magneti resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is the gold standard. Can be done by liver US, CT scan, or MRI as well.
