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PHILOSOPHY ATAR 11 > End of Year Exam!! > Flashcards

End of Year Exam!! Flashcards

1
Q

EXPLANATION

A
  • To give an explanation is to give a cause or a reason that attempts to make sense of some puzzling phenomenon
  • In an explanation we do know that the explanandum is TRUE
  • Explanations are used to account for how and why something occurs and to draw out the meaning in a message
  • An explanation may be put forward for something that is in fact false
  • Wherever the explanandum is true/ puzzling, find an explanation
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2
Q

EXPLANANDUM

A
  • the phenomenon we are trying to explain
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3
Q

EXPLANANS

A
  • the statement that is supposed to explain that phenomenon
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4
Q

ARGUMENT

A
  • In an argument we act as if we DON’T know whether the conclusion is true
  • 3 parts: 1. Reason 2. Inference 3. Conclusion
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5
Q

FACT

A
  • A fact is a reality that cannot be logically disputed or rejected
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6
Q

TRUTH CLAIM

A
  • A truth claim is a proposition or statement that a particular person or belief system holds to be true
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7
Q

TYPES OF EXPLANATION

A
  1. Intentional
  2. Causal
  3. Functional
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8
Q

INTENTIONAL EXPLANATION

A
  • Is an explanation that gives a persons reasons for acting
  • E.g. The coach dropped Stella from the netball because he said she needed to regain some form in lower divisions
  • By acting that the reasons that are given are the real reasons for why the person acted in that way, we are accepting an intentional explanation
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9
Q

GOOD INTENTIONAL EXPLANATION

A
  • The reason given was believed to be true
  • And it was the real reason for the action
  • E.g. (1) The coach really believes that Sharon needs to regain form in the lower divisions (2) That belief was the real reason (not a pseudo-reason) for why he dropped her
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10
Q

CAUSAL EXPLANATION

A
  • Is an explanation that puts forward a possible cause of some phenomenon
  • E.g. The plane crashed because the pilot lost control while approaching the runway
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11
Q

GOOD EXPLANATION (CAUSAL/FUNCTIONAL)

A
  • The explanans must be TRUE

- The connection between explanans and the explanandum must be STRONG

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12
Q

FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATION

A
  • This is used to explain the role that something plays in a system
  • E.g. Cars have laminated windscreens because laminated glass doesn’t no shatter on impact in a collision
  • E.g. Kangaroos have large tails because the tail enables them to keep their balance whilst hopping
  • Occur when we are explaining the workings of an human artifact/natural system
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13
Q

INTERPRETATION EXPLANATION

A
  • Interpret means to ‘make sense’ or ‘give it a meaning’
  • E.g. foreign language
  • Interpreter make sense of A’s ‘foreign words’ by translating them into a language that B can understand
  • Interpretations are possible only when there is an element of AMBUITY/UNCLARITY in a situation/statement
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14
Q

HERMENEUTICS

A
  • Is the general theory of interpretation
  • Began from the need to interpret the Bible (Jewish and Christian)
  • Hans-Georg Gadamer; demonstrated hermeneutics is NOT a science, partially dependent on the background, culture and viewpoint of the person and therefore there may be no right (in interpretation of something)
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15
Q

HERMENEUTIC CIRCLE

A
  • Problem in the process of interpretation
  • Occurs when a part of the text can be understood only when we have an understanding of the whole text of which it is part
  • We may never be able to make sense of some texts
  • In interpreting a text we alternate between trying to grasp the meaning of the whole and trying to make sense of the various parts
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16
Q

INTERPRETING LITERATURE

A
  • Internal or External

- Not mutually exclusive

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17
Q

INTERNAL INTERPRETATION

A
  • When literature is taken on its own (external evidence ignored)
  • Understanding text in this way is an example of a non-vicious hermeneutic cycle (in interpretation)
  • Bears a close resemblance to the topic of ‘functional explanation’
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18
Q

EXTERNAL INTERPRETATION

A
  • Divided into TWO approaches
    • The AUTHOR’S intentions (whatever they may be)
    • The CONTEXT of the work
  • Examples of ‘hermeneutic circle’ approach to interpretation
  • Good interpretation
    • Seek COHERENCE between the parts and the whole
    • Have COMPLETENESS must account for all parts
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19
Q

EXTERNAL INTERPRETATION – AUTHOR’S INTENTIONS

A
  • Works of literature are human constructions, (all human constructions involve INTENTIONS)
  • Author’s intentions aren’t always known (some being anonymous, and intentions aren’t directly knowable)
  • Intentions should be compared with external evidence (the text)
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20
Q

EXTERNAL INTERPRETATION – CONTEXT

A
  • Refers to the circumstances relevant to something under consideration (contextual circumstances are outside the text)
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21
Q

TRUTH IN LITERATURE

A
  • A matter of COHERENCE between sentences in the text

- Rather than CORRESPONDANCE between the writings and the outside world (which they refer to)

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22
Q

COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

A
  • Regards truth as coherence within some specified set of sentences, propositions or beliefs
  • There is no single set of such “logical universes”
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23
Q

CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

A
  • States that the truth or falsity of a statement is determined only by how it relates to the world and whether it accurately describes (i.e., corresponds with) that world
  • Claim that true beliefs and true statements correspond to the actual state of affairs
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24
Q

MODERNISM

A
  • Goes back to the 18th century
  • Progress in
    • Rise of physical science/scientific way of viewing
    • Decline in religious zeal and superstition
    • Industrialization/Mechanized production
    • Creation of civil liberties
    • Expansion of political rights
    • Attempts to abolish the slave trade
    • ‘The Enlightenment’
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25
Q

POSTMODERNISM

A
  • First meaning to express a reaction against the rigid formality and dehumanized coldness of some ‘modern’ architecture
  • Applied to a philosophical position largely concerned with the interpretation of literature and pop culture
  • Rejects the Enlightenment ideal of ‘reason’
  • Claim that reason is too restrictive
  • In literature rejects some of the ways that truth has been represented
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26
Q

PHILOSOPHICAL SCEPTICISM

A
  • Language isn’t fixed and definable
  • Language isn’t based on how the world is; human construct
  • Language dictates how we see; no experience of the word is language free
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27
Q

PERSONHOOD

A 
BIOLOGICAL
-	A member of the species HOMOSAPIENS
PSYCHOLOGICAL
-	A conscious or rational being
LEGAL/ETHICAL
-	Having certain rights and duties
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28
Q

‘AN INDIVIDUAL’ 5 MEANINGS

A

THE NON-SOCIAL INDIVIDUAL
- A person who has no desire to associate with other people, who would rather live alone if it were possible; a hermit
THE ANTI SOCIAL INDIVIDUAL
- Someone who seeks disrupt social life, and who will happily take the benefits of society while seeking to avoid any of the burdens
THE SOCIAL INDIVIDUALIST
- A person who is happy to live within the framework of society, but who wishes to be seen as possible as possible from other people; a harmless eccentric
THE SOCIAL INDIVIDUAL
- Someone who shares the general values of their society, seeking neither to be different from others nor to be the same as them
THE CONFORMIST INDIVIDUAL
- Someone who accepts the general values of society and who weeks to be the same as others, who feels uncomfortable if they are not doing what the majority do

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29
Q

PLATO’S IDEA OF SOCIETY

A
  • Formulated the idea that society is like a kind of contract
  • Introduced of what we would call the division of labour
  • Various roles played by various people
  • If there is an inner harmony between the various parts then they form a single entity
  • Name for this desirable harmony is ‘justice’
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30
Q

PLATO’S IDEA OF JUSTICE

A
  • Justice is the glue that keeps society together
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31
Q

ARISTOLE ON SOCIETY

A
  • Polis ‘City State’
  • All human beings are social beings, and that human community is a good thing
  • That not all forms of society are equally good
  • ‘Functions’ that every society must fulfill
  • Education should be provided by the state and not just the family
  • All societies have the same aim/purpose
  • Happiness; a realization and perfect practice of excellence
  • One society will differ from another because ‘different mean seek after happiness in different ways’
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32
Q

JUSTICE

A
  • Is the ethnical concept by which we make decisions on the distribution of decision making right and on the exercise of power
  • Personal virtue, but a concept that applies to societies as a whole
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33
Q

DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

A
  • Every kind of society involves the distribution of benefits and burdens
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34
Q

COMMUNATIVE JUSTICE

A
  • Justice that applies to contracts and exchange
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35
Q

IDEOLOGY

A
  • Is a system of beliefs that imposes an unjust way of life on a community
  • ‘One person’s ideology is another person’s idea of the truth’
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36
Q

ETHICS

A
  • Set of concepts, rules, principles and practices (and the decisions based on them) that are used to make human social life function successfully
  • Enters into how we relate to the natural world and, for those who have religious beliefs, how we relate to region
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37
Q

ETHICS 4 PARTS

A
  • Rights/Duties/Obligations
  • Virtues and Vices
  • Care and Caring
  • Principles
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38
Q

DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONS

A
  • Synonyms

- Bind us to act in certain ways

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39
Q

NEGATIVE OBLIGATION

A
  • Obliged NOT to do something
  • My right to free speech places others in my society under a constraint in that they should not stop me from speaking. But if in exercising my right to speak I unfairly defame someone (give false evidence that causes others to think less of them) then I have infringed their right to keep a good reputation.
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40
Q

POSITIVE OBLIGATION

A
  • Obliged to ACT
  • We all have a right to life. If I am injured and in danger of dying, other people have an obligation to try to help me. If you know HOW to save me you have a stronger obligation to try to help me.
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41
Q

MORAL JUDGEMENTS

A
  • Individual Actions

- On Character; trustworthy/fair minded/thoughtful/prudish

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42
Q

CARING FOR

A
  • Means taking action to ensure that someone’s needs are met
  • This might be as simple as offering encouragement, or as complex and demanding as nursing a loved one through a serious illness
43
Q

CARING ABOUT

A
  • Means having an empathetic concern for a person or thing

- Similar to loyalty

44
Q

TAKING CARE

A
  • May mean just doing our job (carefully) but it can go further than that
  • Also means making sure that form is not done, paying attention and being aware of what is going on around you
  • If we are aware of what is going on, we are in better position to act if we need to
45
Q

PRINCIPALS

A
  • Golden Rule
  • Tit for Tat
  • Categorical Imperative
  • Greatest Happiness Principal
46
Q

GOLDEN RULE

A
  • ‘Do unto others as you would have them do unto you’
  • Put yourself in the other person’s shoes
  • If you see someone in need of help, treat them as you would wish to be treated in that situation
47
Q

TIT FOR TAT

A
  • ‘Do unto others as they do unto you’

- ‘Cooperate with those who will cooperate with you, and not with those who won’t’

48
Q

CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

A
  • Immanuel Kant

- ‘We should do that which we would want anyone else to do in the same circumstances’

49
Q

GREATEST HAPPINESS PRINCIPLE

A
  • John Stuart Mill
  • ‘Act in such a way as to produce the greatest possible happiness for the greatest number of people, each person’s happiness counting equally’
50
Q

ETHICAL DECISION MAKING

A

BEST DECISIONS

  • Bring good consequences to all those affected
  • Use consistent principles,
  • Demonstrate care, and
  • Contribute to the development of good character
51
Q

CONCEPT OF IDEOLOGY

A
  • The world view, or shared values, or common culture, or system of beliefs that binds together the members of a group or society
52
Q

THE IDEA OF IDEOLOGY

A
  • A system of beliefs that imposes an unjust way of life on a community
53
Q

AESTHETICS

A
  • The philosophy or theory of taste, or the perception of the beautiful in nature
54
Q

TASTE

A
  • Decisions we make about aesthetics
  • Kant, the judgment of taste claims ‘universal validity’
  • Is subjective because its based on a feeling of pleasure or displeasure
55
Q

DIFFERNENT PERSPECTIVES ON BEAUTY

A
  1. Aesthetic properties are located in objects and that the object makes us feel a certain way when we sense them
  2. Aesthetic properties are completely subjective and that is just depends on how we are feeling that day and whether we have a personal preference for that type of movie or the beach
  3. The objects aren’t what make us feel a certain way, nor our own personal preferences but our experience of both the feeling and the object happen at the same time (AESTHETIC EXPERIENCES)
56
Q

PURE BEAUTY (KANT)

A
  • Freedom from concepts
  • Objectivity
  • Disinterest in he spectator
  • Obligatoriness
57
Q

OBJECTIVE

A
  • Judgment about the beauty in the patterns of nature is available to everyone; OBJECTIVE
  • We judge that something is beautiful (different from likeable) we think that others ought make the same judgment as we do
58
Q

OBLIGATORINESS

A
  • Pure beauty if obligatory because it pleases us without there being any desire to possess the thing that brings us pleasure
  • Pleasure in beauty is desire-free
59
Q

DISINTEREST

A
  • We are disinterest in pure beauty because we enjoy the thing for its own sake and not for any end or purpose
  • It can bring us pleasure, but we don’t want to possess ‘it’
60
Q

AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE

A
  • When we feel pleasure, the thing or experience that initiated the pleasure can be viewed as either: agreeable, beautiful, sublime or absolutely good
61
Q

THE SUBLIME

A
  • Kant, the sublime is what pleases us by reason of its opposition to the interest of sense … the beautiful prepares us to love something, even nature (in a disinterested manner) … delight in the sublime in nature is only negative whereas (delight) in the beautiful is positive)
  • We get this feeling when we perceive the immensity of nature and can’t comprehend it; dynamical sublime
62
Q

AESTHETIC DISTANCE

A
  • The emotional distance between you and a piece of art that can be course by you culture or past experiences
  • Culture and experiences that you may and may not have cause you to relate differently to a piece of art then other people are, they also can create a barrier called aesthetic distance
63
Q

AESTHETICS AND ART

A
  • We make meaning from art based on the culture that we are part of, but that a complete meaning s never available
  • Meanings ‘emerge’ as the culture changes or as the spectator becomes more aware of elements of his or her culture.
  • Appreciation of art s situated in a culture, in a time and place.
64
Q

AESTHETICS AND SCIENCE

A
  • Science screens out aesthetics properties and focuses instead on properties like mass, force, energy, change and valency
  • Describe world as if human beings did not exist
65
Q

DAVID HUME

A
  • Beauty is no quality in things themselves: It exists merely in the mind in which contemplates them, and each mind perceives a different beauty. One person may even perceive deformity, where another is sensible of beauty; and every individual ought to acquicise in his own sentiment, without pretending to regulate those of others
66
Q

AESTHETIC APPRECIATION

A
  • Involves tuning our tastes, perceptions and judgments and enlarging the types of claims or observations we can make about artistic works
67
Q

REPRESENTATION AND REALISATION

A
  • Art is realised (made real) in two main ways: made real in pace (sculpture, painting) and made real in time ( performance)
68
Q

PLATO IDEAL FORMS AESTHETIC

A
  • Banishes artists from his ideal society
  • Art involves mimesis or copying
  • Exist only because there is a Forum of which they are copying
  • Art is the representation of something that is already a copy of an ideal Forum
69
Q

TYPES OF BEAUTY

A

NATURAL BEAUTY
- Such as that of a landscape or a kind of flower
HUMAN BEAUTY
- Such as that of a small child or a young adult, or an elderly person
MAN MADE BEAUTY
- Such as that of building or a city, or a type of car
ABSTRACT BEAUTY
- Such as that of an elegant mathematical proof

70
Q

SUBJECTIVE

A
  1. Based on introspection, looking inward into one’s inner self
  2. Not rational, distorted, irrationally emotional and prejudice
71
Q

OBJECTIVE

A
  1. Dealing with the world outsider the observer, external

2. Rational, scientific, impartial, unemotional

72
Q

CLASSIC SENSIBILITY

A
  • Admires ‘the idealization of the familiar’
  • It starts from the familiar human world and it looks for an ideal within that framework
  • Tend to have
    • A focus on moral conduct
    • Clarity of thought
    • Simplicity of structure
    • Universality of theme
    • Minimum of decoration
  • Beauty is in the eye of beholder
  • Beauty is in the object itself
73
Q

ROMANTIC SENSIBILITY

A
  • Admires whatever is unfamiliar, mysterious, wondrous, strange, exotic and abnormal
  • Beauty is in the eye of the beholder
  • No standard and shared idea of what is beauty
  • Anything might be seen as beautiful, if we just find the right way to look at it
  • Denies that aesthetic qualities are objectively knowable
  • Only someone who possess rare and special imaginative insight can grasp the nature of beauty
  • Viewpoint cant be learnt, it has to be intuitivve
74
Q

ANTHROPOLOGY

A
  • Study of language

- Impossible to understand fully another culture without being able to understand the language of that culture

75
Q

STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE

A
  • WHAT IS SAID may differ from
  • WHAT IS MEANT and these may differ from
  • WHAT IS UNDERSTOOD
76
Q

SEMIOTICS

A
  • Science of understanding sign
77
Q

SEMIOSIS

A
  • Process of interpreting them
78
Q

SIGN

A
  • Composed of signifier and the signified
79
Q

SIGNIFIER

A
  • Is a sound image (a word)
  • Is something we learn as part of learning the language, but there is nothing special in the word itself that tells us what it means
80
Q

SIGNIFIED

A
  • Is the concept to which the word refers
81
Q

UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS

A
  • Look for the higher level concept which the puzzling concept falls
  • Look for synonyms
  • Try to think of kinds or sub-sets of the concept
  • Try to think of varied examples of the concept
82
Q

RULES OF LANGUAGE

A
  • When we attempt to communicate with another person, we engaged in the behaviour governed by roles
  • Those roles are part of the common language
  • If we do not know how the rules of the language work, we will not understand the communication
83
Q

WORDS AND MEANINGS

A
  • Relation is arbitrary
  • That can word can be used to signify any meaning
  • This is possible if users should agree that the word X should have the meaning Y
  • This process is SEMIOSIS
84
Q

PARTS OF LANGUAGE

A
  • Verbs (sit, eat, give, think)
  • Adjectives (wet, fast clever, modern)
  • Adverbs (lazily, thoughtfully)
  • Prepositions (on, at, underneath)
  • Articles (a, the)
  • Conjunctions (and, but, after, or)
  • Inference indicators (because, therefore, so)
  • Pronouns (it, that, her, we)
85
Q

LANGUAGES AND CULTURE

A
  • Linguistic relativity

- Development of language in each culture, is DIFFERENT

86
Q

SYMBOLS AND LANGUAGE

A
  • Includes numbers, digital code, symbols, meaningful gestures
  • Cultural beliefs are transmitted from generation to generation using symbols
  • Symbols are interpreted within a framework that is provided by the culture we are brought up in or which we have learnt about from history/anthropology
  • SYMBOLS SERVE 2 MAIN PURPOSES
    1. Serve as the equivalent to names e.g. Red Cross, Macca’s ‘M’
    2. Command or instruct e.g. no smoking
87
Q

CONCEPT OF CULTURE

A
  • Has many elements
  • Understand concept of culture by understanding elements
  • Understanding elements is influenced by what we understand by the concept
88
Q

WORKING DEFINITION OF CULTURE

A
  • The whole complex of learned behaviour, the traditions and techniques and the material possessions, the language and other symbolism of some body of people
  • Influences how people see the world and how they behave in it
89
Q

DIFFICULTIES TO UNDERSTANDING CULTURE

A
  • We are already immersed in it
  • Take for granted many things that an OUTSIDER will find strange
  • Culture exists BEFORE we become apart of it
  • LEARNED our own culture from parents, friends, relatives and members of our community
  • We have INTERNALISED it
  • This influences the way we THINK and the WAY we UNDERSTAND
  • Preconditioned to see in a certain way
90
Q

CULTURE

A
  • Comprises of patterns of behaviour and thinking
  • Gives particle meaning to particular SYMBOLS
  • Meaning given to symbols is based on random choice, subject to individual will and not NATURAL LAWS
91
Q

ANTHROPOLOGY DEFINITION OF CULTURE

A
  • Study of human cultures, focused on customs and social structure
  • Culture; seen as consisting of four elements that are passed between the generations in any single society
    1. VALUES (ideas about what is important in life)
    1. NORMS (expectations of how people will behave)
    1. INSTITUTIONS (structures within a society that transmit values and norms)
    1. ARTEFACTS (MATERIAL OBJECTS derived from a culture’s values and norms)
92
Q

SOCIOLOGY DEFINTION OF CULTURE

A
  • That part of the total repertoire of human actions … which is socially as opposed to genetically transmitted
  • Tie the idea of culture to the idea of a society or of a ‘people’
93
Q

STUDYING CULTURE – INSIDE

A
  • To view from within, we must be apart of the CULTURE (to some degree)
  • Conducted by members of a culture or by people who have spent a long time trying to understand the culture
94
Q

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

A
  • Food
  • Language
  • Music
  • Gestures
  • Behaviour
  • People
  • Architecture
  • Art
  • Entertainment
  • Clothing
95
Q

SUBCULTURES

A
  • Within cultures
  • E.g. Surfers (shared understanding of certain symbols, certain ways in which they demonstrate that they belong to group or subcultures)
96
Q

HOW WE SEE – STUDYING CULTURE

A
  • How we see a culture will often spend on our own background and the influences we have been exposed to
  • The cultures we are raised in influence our perceptions of events
  • IDEOLOGY; one of the ways to understand ideology is through the lens in which we view the world, lens distorts the way we SEEE and UNDERSTAND events around us
  • If we aren’t aware of the lens, we will make judgments about actions (right/wrong) without FULLY understanding them
  • POLITICS; is a way to describe relationships within a culture; common element in all political relationships is POWER
  • POWER; there is a complex relationship of power involving individuals, power exercised by agents (parent-child, government-governed, teacher-student), understand culture understand the power relationships that operate within a culture and effect work to help define culture, has capacity to foster or suppress change
  • Cultural Hegemony; that a diverse culture can be ruled or dominated by one group or class, that everyday practices and shared believes provide the foundation for complex systems for domination
  • EMERGENCE; look back at where we first see signs of change (art galleries, museums, journals), observe who is exercising power (authorities), ask how the culture is determining what should and what shouldn’t be included in the dominant way of thinking … understanding CULTURAL CHANGES EMERGING
  • ETHICS AND CULTURE; interpret actions and symbols (action, intention, consequences, nature)
97
Q

A PRIORI OBLIGATION

A
  • Moral agent is able to make choices about the actions they take and make conscious decisions about those actions while recognizing that they have the capacity to affect others
  • Moral patient has interests that can be harmed or benefitted (humans, animals, living things)
  • ‘Prior Obligation’; moral agents have an obligation to a set of moral patients before hanging is exercise e.g. How can I help you?
98
Q

HOW WE SAY – STUDYING CULTURE

A
  • DESCRIBING;
  • AS A TEXT; we learn to read a culture, also live in a culture and culture is written into us (INTERNALISATION)
  • Cultures are modified, accommodate to a variety of conflictions, in CULTURE we each have our own position from which we read e.g. how we make meaning and interpret the events within a culture
  • KNOWLEDGE; positivists think that all is needed to explain cultural difference is to find a neutral observation language and describe what is happening within a culture in terms of OBJECTIVE TRUTH; Hermeneutics deals with interpretation of this
  • Those studying culture acknowledge that there is a significant difference between studying science and studying culture – PEOPLE HAVE VOICES, they are influenced by the fact they are members and knowledge itself raises moral issues – because decisions are made on the basis of SOCIALLY-GROUNDED knowledge have the ability to affect people
  • Cultural values had fused with scientific ones, making objectivity universally acceptable
99
Q

HOW WE DO – STUDYING CULTURE

A
  • ECONOMY; every society has an economic base because every society has to have the means of production for the basic necessities of lie
  • AGENCY AND APPROPRIATED CULTURE; we take accepted habits, behaviours, and ways of understanding (cultural norms) from groups we associate with and make them our own which is unconscious, culture is appropriated by agents (people who can do, make decisions and act on them), also change culture
  • RESISTANCE; resistance to a dominant culture, contributing to significant change – women movement
100
Q

CULTURAL RELATIVISM

A
  • Cultural relativism is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context.
  • “right” and “wrong” are culture-specific; what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another, and, since no universal standard of morality exists, no one has the right to judge another society’s customs
  • Cultural relativism is widely accepted in modern anthropology
  • Cultural relativists believe that all cultures are worthy in their own right and are of equal value
  • Diversity of cultures, even those with conflicting moral beliefs, is not to be considered in terms of right and wrong or good and bad
  • Today’s anthropologist considers all cultures to be equally legitimate expressions of human existence, to be studied from a purely neutral perspective
  • Cultural relativism is closely related to ethical relativism, which views truth as variable and not absolute
  • What constitutes right and wrong is determined solely by the individual or by society.
  • Since truth is not objective, there can be no objective standard which applies to all cultures
  • No one can say if someone else is right or wrong; it is a matter of personal opinion, and no society can pass judgment on another society
  • Cultural relativism sees nothing inherently wrong (and nothing inherently good) with any cultural expression
  • So, the ancient Mayan practices of self-mutilation and human sacrifice are neither good nor bad; they are simply cultural distinctive, akin to the American custom of shooting fireworks on the Fourth of July
  • Human sacrifice and fireworks—both are simply different products of separate socialization
101
Q

Fallacies

A 
Adhomien
Argument from Irrelevant Authority
Genetic Fallacy
Hasty Generalisation
Equivocation
Denying the Antecedent 
Affirming the Consequence
102
Q

Socrates

A

If something fulfils its function it’s inherently beautiful

103
Q

Kant

A

All our knowledge begins with the senses then to the understanding, and ends with reason. There is nothing higher than reason.

“Look closely. The beautiful may be small”

PHILOSOPHY ATAR 11 (6 decks)

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