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Science yr 9 > end of term assessment > Flashcards

end of term assessment Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

photosynthesis produces ______ using ______.

A

photosynthesis produces [glucose] using [light].

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2
Q

fill in the equation for photosynthesis:

_____ + _____ —-___—-> ______+______

A

equation for photosynthesis:

carbon dioxide + water —-light—-> glucose + oxygen

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3
Q

Symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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4
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts and green plant cells- they contain pigments like chlorophyll that absorb light.

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5
Q

Photosynthesis is [endothermic/exothermic]

(pick one)

A

Photosynthesis is endothermic.

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6
Q

State five ways that plants use glucose.

A

5 ways plants use glucose:

  • for respiration
  • making cellulose
  • making amino acids
  • stored as oils or fats
  • stored as starch
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7
Q

What are the four limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

The four limiting factors of photosynthesis are:

  • intensity of light
  • concentration of CO2
  • temperature
  • amount of chlorophyll
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8
Q

The amount of chlorophyll in a plant can be affected by ______ or _______, such as a lack of _______.

A

The amount of chlorophyll in a plant can be affected by [disease] or [environmental stress], such as a lack of [nutrients].

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9
Q

Disease and environmental stress cause chloroplasts to become ______ or not make enough _______, and therefore can’t absorb as much ____.

A

Disease and environmental issues cause chloroplasts to become [damaged] or not make enough [chlorophyll], and therefore can’t absorb as much [light].

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10
Q

name 3 plants organs

A

stems, roots, leaves

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11
Q

give as many examples of plant tissues as you can

A
  • epidermal tissue
  • palisade mesophyll tissue
  • spongy mesophyll tissue
  • xylem and phloem
  • meristem tissue
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12
Q

epidermal tissue covers [the stem of the plant / the whole plant / the leaves of the plant]

(pick one)

A

epidermal tissue covers [the whole plant]

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13
Q

The most photosynthesis that happens in the leaf happens where?

A

Palisade mesophyll tissue

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14
Q

Spongy mesophyll tissue is found in the _________ and contains big ____ spaces to allow gases to ______ in and out of cells.

A

Spongy mesophyll tissue is found in the [leaf] and contains big [air] spaces to allow gases to [diffuse] in and out of cells.

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15
Q

Through the roots, _______ and _______, xylem and phloem transport things like ______, ________ and food.

A

Through the roots, [stems] and [leaves], xylem and phloem transport things like [water], [mineral ions] and food.

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16
Q

Where is meristem tissue found and what does it do?

A

Meristem tissue is found at the growing tips of roots and shoots and is able to differentiate into different types of plant cell, allowing the plant to grow.

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17
Q

Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are ________.

A

Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are [bases].

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18
Q

name the 8 different energy stores.

A

thermal, kinetic, electrostatic, elastic potential, chemical, gravitational potential, nuclear, magnetic.

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19
Q

How do you calculate the uncertainty in repeat measurements?

A
  1. find the range of the results (find the difference between the highest and lowest results)
  2. divide by 2
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20
Q

How do you calculate the uncertainty of a measuring instrument?

A
  1. Identify the resolution (eg a thermometer might have a resolution of 1 degree celsius)
  2. divide by 2
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21
Q

What is the general word equation for metals reacting with acids?

A

metal + acid ——-> salt + hydrogen

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22
Q

True or false- bases and alkalis are the same thing

A

false. a base is a substance that can react with an acid and neutralise it, and an alkali is a base that can dissolve in water.

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23
Q

what is the general word equation for when an acid reacts with a metal hydroxide?

A

Acid + Metal Hydroxide 🡪 Salt + Water

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24
Q

what is the general word equation for when an acid reacts with a metal oxide?

A

Acid + Metal Carbonate 🡪 Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

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25
Q

[phloem/xylem] tubes transport food

(pick one)

A

[phloem] tubes transport food

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26
Q

[phloem/xylem] tubes take water up from the roots to the stem and leaves.

(pick one)

A

[xylem] tubes take water up from the roots to the stem and leaves.

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27
Q

Transpiration is the [loss/gain] of water from the plant.

(pick one)

A

Transpiration is the [loss] of water from the plant

28
Q

Phloem tubes transport food substances (mostly dissolved _____ made in the _______) to the rest of the plant for ______ or immediate use.

A

Phloem tubes transport food substances (mostly dissolved [sugars] made in the [leaves]) to the rest of the plant for [storage] or immediate use.

29
Q

Translocation is when. . .

A

Translocation is when phloem tubes transport dissolved sugars made in the leaves to the rest of the plant.

30
Q

The movement of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves is called the _________ ________.

A

The movement of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves is called the [transpiration stream].

31
Q

Transpiration, like photosynthesis, has limiting factors that affect the transpiration rate.
Name 4 limiting factors of transpiration.

A
  • light intensity (higher intensity = better rate)
  • temperature (warmer = faster)
  • air flow (better air flow = better rate)
  • humidity (drier air = better rate)
32
Q

What do guard cells do?

A

Guard cells open and close stomata so that gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis. They stop too much water vapour escaping.

33
Q

How do guard cells work?

A

when the plant cells have lots of water the guard cells fill with it and become plump. This makes the stomata open.

When the plant doesn’t have enough water, the guard cells lose water and become flaccid.
This makes the stomata close.

They’re also sensitive to light, so they close at night.

34
Q

Which is more accurate for measuring the PH of a solution: indicator or a PH probe?
Why?

A

A PH probe is more accurate because it gives you a specific number, whereas indicator gives you a colour to measure against the PH chart.

35
Q

What is the general word equation for neutralisation?

A

acid + base 🡪 Salt + water

36
Q

equation(s) for power

A

P = E/t

(power = energy transferred / time)

P = W/t

(power = work done / time)

37
Q

equation for efficiency for energy transfers

A

efficiency = useful output energy transfer / total input energy transfer

38
Q

equation for efficiency of a device (using power)

A

efficiency = useful power output / total power input

39
Q

disadvantages of wind power

A
  • turbines spoil the view
  • can harm birds
  • take up a lot of space (you’d need 1500 turbines to replace one coal-fired power station)
  • noisy
  • process of making turbines can harm the environment
  • expensive initial costs
  • unreliable (rely on the wind)
40
Q

disadvantages of solar power

A
  • can only output a small amount of power
  • initially expensive
  • unreliable in areas that aren’t often sunny
  • doesn’t provide energy at night
41
Q

disadvantages of geothermal power

A
  • only possible in specific areas
  • expensive to build a power plant

However, on the plus side, geothermal power has no damage to the environment and is very reliable.

42
Q

Summarise how hydroelectric power works

A

Hydroelectric power requires the flooding of a valley by building a big dam. Water is allowed out through turbines which spin and generate power.

43
Q

negatives of hydroelectric power

A
  • huge impact on the environment-
    > rotting vegetation releases methane/CO2
    > loss of habitats
    > ruins the landscape and how it looks
  • high initial cost
  • only really works on a small scale in a remote area.
44
Q

negatives of wave power

A
  • environmental damage
    > disturbs the seabed
    > disturbs habitats of marine animals
    > spoils the view
  • hazard for boats
  • high initial costs
  • unlikely to provide power on a large scale
45
Q

summarise how tidal barrages work

A

tidal barrages are big dams with turbines in them built across river estuaries. The estuary fills up as the tide comes in. Water is then allowed out through the turbines at a controlled speed.

46
Q

negatives of tidal barrages

A
  • preventing free access by boats
  • spoils the view
  • ## alters nearby habitats of the wildlife
47
Q

Biofuels are made from _______ or _______. They are r_______.

They can be burnt to produce _______ or run _____ in the same way as ______ fuels.

A

Biofuels are made from [plants] or [waste]. They are [renewable].

They can be burnt to produce [electricity] or run [cars] in the same way as [fossil] fuels.

48
Q

negatives of biofuels

A
  • the cost to refine biofuels is very high
  • takes up a lot of space
  • deforestation of areas to make space for biofuels to be produced harms habitats and burning vegetation during deforestation can release methane and CO2.
49
Q

Non-renewable energy is called this because it [can/can’t] be replenished.

Non-renewable energy is [reliable/unreliable] but [good/bad] for the environment.

A

Non-renewable energy is called this because it [can’t] be replenished.

Non-renewable energy is [reliable] but [bad] for the environment.

50
Q

burning coal and oil can release s_____ d_____ which causes a____ r_____. This can be harmful to t___ and s____.

A

burning coal and oil can release [sulphur dioxide] which causes [acid rain]. This can be harmful to [trees] and [soil].

51
Q

negatives on non-renewables
(there are a lot so try to memorise 2-3)

A
  • coal mining makes a mess of the landscape
  • coal, oil and gas release greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming
  • risk of harmful oil spillages
  • nuclear waste is harmful and difficult to dispose of.
  • nuclear power has a risk of a major catastrophe such as the Fukushima disaster in Japan.
52
Q

Fill the gaps:

Almost no device is 100% e_______, and w_____ energy is most often transferred into useless t______ energy. The exception to this is e______ h______ because all the energy in the e________ energy store is transferred to useful t______ energy stores.

A

Almost no device is 100% [efficient], and [wasted] energy is most often transferred into useless [thermal] energy. The exception to this is [electric hearts] because all the energy in the [electrostatic] energy store is transferred to useful [thermal] energy stores.

53
Q

The [more/less] energy wasted, the more efficient the device.

A

The [less] energy wasted, the more efficient the device.

54
Q

Closed systems are systems where neither ____ nor _____ energy can enter or leave.
The net change in the total energy of a closed system is always ___.

A

Closed systems are systems where neither [matter] nor [energy] can enter or leave.
The net change in the total energy of a closed system is always [zero].

55
Q

What is power (P) measured in?

A

Power is measured in Watts (W)

56
Q

What is energy (E) measured in?

A

Energy is measured in Joules (J)

57
Q

What is ‘work done’ (or energy transferred) measured in?

A

‘Work done’ is measured in Joules (J)

58
Q

How can energy be transferred?

(name four ways energy can be transferred)

A
  • mechanically
  • electrically
  • by heating
  • by radiation
59
Q

During a chemical reaction, old bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.

Energy must be _______ to break existing bonds, so bond breaking is an ___thermic process.

A

During a chemical reaction, old bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.

Energy must be [supplied] to break existing bonds, so bond breaking is an [endo]thermic process.

60
Q

During a chemical reaction, old bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.

Energy must be _______ when new bonds are formed, so bond formation is an ___thermic process.

A

During a chemical reaction, old bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.

Energy must be [released] when new bonds are formed, so bond formation is an [exo]thermic process.

61
Q

In exothermic reactions, the energy released by forming bonds is [greater/less] than the energy used to break them.

A

In exothermic reactions, the energy released by forming bonds is [greater] than the energy used to break them.

62
Q

In endothermic reactions, the energy used to break bonds is [greater/less] than the energy released by forming them.

A

In endothermic reactions, the energy used to break bonds is [greater] than the energy released by forming them.

63
Q

Name some examples of exothermic reactions.

A
  • combustion
  • oxidation
  • neutralisation
64
Q

Name some examples of endothermic reactions.

A
  • photosynthesis
  • thermal decomposition
  • reaction between citric acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate
  • ammonium chloride in water
  • evaporation
65
Q

Equation for work done when energy is transferred

A

work done (J) = force (N) x distance (m)

Science yr 9 (5 decks)

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