Emulsion technology

Question 1

Emulsifier % in creams and lotions

Answer 1

1-20%

Question 2

Humectant % in creams and lotions

Answer 2

1-10%

Question 3

HLB system is used to select _______

Answer 3

range of nonionic emulsifiers

Question 4

HLB range goes from

Answer 4

1 (most hydrophobic)

20 (most hydrophilic)

Question 5

Surfactants have HLB _________

Oils have HLB __________

Answer 5

Value

Requirement

Question 6

HLB theory does not take into account

Answer 6

• Electrical double layer effects of ionics
• Temperature effects of nonionics
• Fatty alcohols (oil phase) and liquid crystalline gel phases
• [Emulsifier]
• Phase volume
• Component interactions

Question 7

Anionic surfactants have a non-bound ____

Answer 7

counter ion (water-soluble)

Question 8

Sulfur-based anionics

Answer 8

Sulfate esters
Sulfonates/sulfosuccinates
Acyl isethionates

Question 9

Acylamino acids are ______ surfactants, give examples

Answer 9

anionic
glutamates
sarcosinates
taurates 
acyl peptides

Question 10

Phosphate esters are _____ surfactants

Answer 10

anionic

Question 11

M+ in anionic surfactants can be

Answer 11

Na, NH4, TEA

Question 12

Anionics must be used at _____ pH, and negative effects include _________ and _______

Answer 12

high
gel over time due to liquid crystal formation
increase TEWL

Question 13

Anionics with high HLB

Answer 13

Sodium oleate (18)
Potassium oleate (20)

Question 14

SLS is used in _____ emulsions

Answer 14

O/W only

Question 15

Free fatty acid content of sodium borate (beeswax)

Answer 15

Cerotic C26:0

Question 16

Anionic emulsifier that works well in lamellar network systems with fatty alcohols

Answer 16

sodium cetearyl sulfate

Question 17

Instead of a counter ion, the water soluble portion of nonionics is based on

Answer 17

polar carbon-oxygen functionality and hydrogen bonding

Question 18

Key components of emulsion gel networks

Answer 18

monoglycerides

Question 19

Fatty alcohols are important in ______

Answer 19

LQ gel networks

Question 20

Units of EO are added when alcohols are treated with

Answer 20

ethylene oxide

Question 21

Sorbitan esters are formed by

Answer 21

acylation of sorbitan/sorbitol

Question 22

Sorbitan monostearate ester has ___ HLB, useful in ______

Answer 22

low

gel networks

Question 23

Ethoxylated sorbitan esters (such as ____) have ______ HLB, act as _________

Answer 23

Polysorbate 60
high
primary emulsifier

Question 24

Cetearyl glucoside characteristics

Answer 24

moderately high HLB

forms liquid crystalline gel networks for emulsion stabilization

Question 25

Polyglycerol esters can be used in ____ emulsions

Answer 25

O/W and W/O