EMT

Question 1

DCAP-BTLS

Answer 1

Deformity, Contusions, Abrasions, Penetrations, Burns, Tenderness, Lacerations, Swelling.

Question 2

Anterior/lateral

Answer 2

Beta blockers why?

Question 3

Rhabdomyalisis

Answer 3

Muscle death

Question 4

Genitourinary System

Answer 4

genitourinary system or urogenital system is the organ system of the reproductive organs and the urinary system.[1] These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways, like the male urethra.

Question 5

Beck’s Triad

Answer 5

Signs associated with acute cardiac tamponade.

• Low arterial pressure, with narrowing
• JVD
• muffled heart sounds

Question 6

Crushing’s Triad

Answer 6

Signs associated with increased I.C. P. (happens as a result of Cushing’s Reflex)

• hypertension with widening of pulse pressures
• bradycardia
• abnormal respirations (Cheyne-stokes > Apneustic)

Question 7

Endless cycle

Answer 7

Icp
Cap number
Hyperventilate no more than 20/min

Question 8

Decorticating posture

Answer 8

Decerebut

Question 9

Diffuse axonal injury

Answer 9

Dia

Question 10

Signs and symptoms of

Answer 10

Epidural
Subdural
Subarachnoid
Intracerebral

Question 11

Signs of

Answer 11

Icp

Question 12

Types of

Answer 12

Respirations

Chene stokes

Question 13

Sympathetic

Answer 13

Parasypathetic

Question 14

Cushing’s Reflex

Answer 14

Physiological nervous system response to increasing ICP, which causes Cushing’s Triad. Usually seen as a terminal finding, often indicating imminent brain herniation.

Question 15

Decerebrate posturing

Answer 15

• arms and legs being held straight out
• toes being pointed downward
• head and neck being arched backwards
• muscles rigid
• indicative of severe brain injury
• severe cases my include opisthotonos

Question 16

opisthotonos

Answer 16

a condition in which the body is held in an abnormal position. The person is usually rigid and arches the back, with the head thrown backward. If a person with opisthotonos lies on his or her back, only the back of the head and the heels touch the supporting surface.

Suspect brain injury, meningitis

Question 17

Cheyne-Stokes Respirations

pronounced chaney

Answer 17

Progressively deeper and (and sometimes) faster respirations, followed by progressively shallower and slower respirations, followed a period of apnea.

Question 18

Possible causes of Cheney-Stokes

Answer 18

• Heart failure
• Traumatic brain injury (^ICP)
• brain tumors (^ICP)
• toxic-metabolic encephalopathy
• CO poisoning
• after morphine administration

Question 19

Toxic-metabolic encephalopathy

Answer 19

• Delirium/acute delusional state with global cerebral dysfunction.
• Not associated with primary brain disease or injury.

chemical disorders that adversely impact cognition and alertness and are not primarily attributable to structural lesions. Toxic-metabolic encephalopathy (TME) characteristically involves delirium and an acute confusional state accompanied by global cerebral dysfunction in the absence of primary structural brain disease. TME is often underecognized and undertreated and generally results from systemic disease.

Question 20

Apneustic Breathing

Answer 20

Apneustic respiration (a.k.a. apneusis) is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep, gasping inspiration with a pause at full inspiration followed by a brief, insufficient release.

Question 21

Ataxic

Answer 21

loss of the ability to coordinate muscular movement

Question 22

Specific signs of brain stem herniation progression

Answer 22

BREATHING: Cheyne-stokes – central hyperventilatio – apneustic breathing – ataxic

EYES: small, reactive, intact dolls eyes and calorics – midposition, fixed – pinpoint, nonreactive, absent reflexes

MOTOR: decorticate – decerebrate – flaccid

Question 23

Class I Shock

Answer 23

Blood Loss (mL) = up to 750mL
Blood Loss (%BV) = up to 15% 
Pulse Rate = <100
Blood Pressure = Normal
Pulse Pressure = Increases/Normal
Capillary Refill = Normal
Respiratory Rate = 14-20
Urine Output (mL/hr) = 30 or more
Mental Status = Slightly Anxious
Fluid Replacement = crystalloid

Question 24

Class II Shock

Answer 24

Blood Loss (mL) = 750-1500
Blood Loss (%BV) = 15-30%
Pulse Rate = >100
Blood Pressure = Normal
Pulse Pressure = Decreased
Capillary Refill = Decreased
Respiratory Rate = 20-30
Urine Output (mL/hr) = 20-30
Mental Status = Anxious
Fluid Replacement = crystalloid

Question 25

Class III Shock

Answer 25

``` Blood Loss (mL) = 1500-2000 Blood Loss (%BV) = 30-40% Pulse Rate = >120 Blood Pressure = Decreased Pulse Pressure = Decreased Capillary Refill = Decreased Respiratory Rate = 30-40 Urine Output (mL/hr) = 5-15 Mental Status = Anxious/Confused Fluid Replacement = crystall+blood ```

Question 26

Class IV Shock

Answer 26

``` Blood Loss (mL) = 2000 or more Blood Loss (%BV) = 40% or more Pulse Rate = 140 or higher Blood Pressure = Decreased Pulse Pressure = Decreased Capillary Refill = Decreased Respiratory Rate = >35 Urine Output (mL/hr) = negligible Mental Status = Confused/lethargic Fluid Replacement = crystall+blood ```

Question 27

Blood flow through the heart

Answer 27

In from the superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve (bicuspid valve), left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, the rest of the body.

Question 28

5 R's

Answer 28

***ALLERGIES?*** ``` Right patient Right drug Right dose Right route Right time ```

Question 29

Sympathetic agonist

Answer 29

Stimulates sympathetic nervous system pupil dilation, increased heart rate , dry mouth and decreased digestion it's a drug that activate alpha or beta adrenergic receptors. the classic example is epinephrine.

Question 30

Beta 2

Answer 30

Activation of the beta2 receptor leads to vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle relaxation. Drugs that activate the beta2 receptor can be used to treat as asthma (by relaxing airway smooth muscle) and premature labor (by relaxing uterine smooth muscle).

Question 31

Beta 1

Answer 31

Activation of the beta1 receptor leads to increases in contractile force and heart rate. Drugs that activate the beta1 receptor can be used in heart failure to improve the contractile state of the failing heart. Drugs that activate the beta1 receptor also increase heart rate. Indeed, excess stimulation the beta1 receptor can induce significant increases in heart rate and arrhythmias. Arrhythmias are a major concern with drugs such as epinephrine that can be absorbed systemically after intra-oral injection.

Question 32

How may a tension pneumothorax present?

Answer 32

- Tracheal deviation away from affected side. - Hyper resonance over the sternum - JVD - Diminished or absent sounds on affected side. - Tachypnea

Question 33

Major causes of hyperkalemia (high potassium)

Answer 33

``` Kidney dysfunction (renal failure) Digoxin overdoes Rhabdomyolysis ACE Inhibitor Overdose Strong NSAIDS ```

Question 34

Atelectasis

Answer 34

alveolar collapse, not synonymous with pneumothorax (although pneumothorax includes atelectasis), it has several causes: recent thoracic or abdominal surgery airway obstructions as a result of suctioning tumors or other chronic lung disease

Question 35

Murhpy's Sign

Answer 35

Relief from abdominal pain from deep palpation under the ribs. It is a sign of cholecystisis

Question 36

Grey Turner's Sign

Answer 36

Bruising over the flanks, indicates possible hemorrhagic pancreatitis.

Question 37

Cullen's Sign

Answer 37

Blue discoloration over the umbilicus

Question 38

Roving's Sign

Answer 38

Pain elicited from palpation over the right lower abdominal quadrant, from appendicitis.

Question 39

Trousseau's Sign

Answer 39

In hyperventilating patient, inflating a BP cuff and observing the resultant cramping of the hand. A result of hypercalcemia in the muscles.