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EMT > EMT > Flashcards

EMT Flashcards

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NREMT® EMT flashcards
1
Q

DCAP-BTLS

A

Deformity, Contusions, Abrasions, Penetrations, Burns, Tenderness, Lacerations, Swelling.

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2
Q

Anterior/lateral

A

Beta blockers why?

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3
Q

Rhabdomyalisis

A

Muscle death

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4
Q

Genitourinary System

A

genitourinary system or urogenital system is the organ system of the reproductive organs and the urinary system.[1] These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways, like the male urethra.

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5
Q

Beck’s Triad

A

Signs associated with acute cardiac tamponade.

  • Low arterial pressure, with narrowing
  • JVD
  • muffled heart sounds
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6
Q

Crushing’s Triad

A

Signs associated with increased I.C. P. (happens as a result of Cushing’s Reflex)

  • hypertension with widening of pulse pressures
  • bradycardia
  • abnormal respirations (Cheyne-stokes > Apneustic)
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7
Q

Endless cycle

A

Icp
Cap number
Hyperventilate no more than 20/min

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8
Q

Decorticating posture

A

Decerebut

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9
Q

Diffuse axonal injury

A

Dia

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10
Q

Signs and symptoms of

A

Epidural
Subdural
Subarachnoid
Intracerebral

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11
Q

Signs of

A

Icp

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12
Q

Types of

A

Respirations

Chene stokes

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13
Q

Sympathetic

A

Parasypathetic

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14
Q

Cushing’s Reflex

A

Physiological nervous system response to increasing ICP, which causes Cushing’s Triad. Usually seen as a terminal finding, often indicating imminent brain herniation.

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15
Q

Decerebrate posturing

A
  • arms and legs being held straight out
  • toes being pointed downward
  • head and neck being arched backwards
  • muscles rigid
  • indicative of severe brain injury
  • severe cases my include opisthotonos
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16
Q

opisthotonos

A

a condition in which the body is held in an abnormal position. The person is usually rigid and arches the back, with the head thrown backward. If a person with opisthotonos lies on his or her back, only the back of the head and the heels touch the supporting surface.

Suspect brain injury, meningitis

17
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Respirations

pronounced chaney

A

Progressively deeper and (and sometimes) faster respirations, followed by progressively shallower and slower respirations, followed a period of apnea.

18
Q

Possible causes of Cheney-Stokes

A
  • Heart failure
  • Traumatic brain injury (^ICP)
  • brain tumors (^ICP)
  • toxic-metabolic encephalopathy
  • CO poisoning
  • after morphine administration
19
Q

Toxic-metabolic encephalopathy

A
  • Delirium/acute delusional state with global cerebral dysfunction.
  • Not associated with primary brain disease or injury.

chemical disorders that adversely impact cognition and alertness and are not primarily attributable to structural lesions. Toxic-metabolic encephalopathy (TME) characteristically involves delirium and an acute confusional state accompanied by global cerebral dysfunction in the absence of primary structural brain disease. TME is often underecognized and undertreated and generally results from systemic disease.

20
Q

Apneustic Breathing

A

Apneustic respiration (a.k.a. apneusis) is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep, gasping inspiration with a pause at full inspiration followed by a brief, insufficient release.

21
Q

Ataxic

A

loss of the ability to coordinate muscular movement

22
Q

Specific signs of brain stem herniation progression

A

BREATHING: Cheyne-stokes – central hyperventilatio – apneustic breathing – ataxic

EYES: small, reactive, intact dolls eyes and calorics – midposition, fixed – pinpoint, nonreactive, absent reflexes

MOTOR: decorticate – decerebrate – flaccid

23
Q

Class I Shock

A 
Blood Loss (mL) = up to 750mL
Blood Loss (%BV) = up to 15% 
Pulse Rate = <100
Blood Pressure = Normal
Pulse Pressure = Increases/Normal
Capillary Refill = Normal
Respiratory Rate = 14-20
Urine Output (mL/hr) = 30 or more
Mental Status = Slightly Anxious
Fluid Replacement = crystalloid
24
Q

Class II Shock

A 
Blood Loss (mL) = 750-1500
Blood Loss (%BV) = 15-30%
Pulse Rate = >100
Blood Pressure = Normal
Pulse Pressure = Decreased
Capillary Refill = Decreased
Respiratory Rate = 20-30
Urine Output (mL/hr) = 20-30
Mental Status = Anxious
Fluid Replacement = crystalloid
25
Q

Class III Shock

A 
Blood Loss (mL) = 1500-2000
Blood Loss (%BV) = 30-40%
Pulse Rate = >120
Blood Pressure = Decreased
Pulse Pressure = Decreased
Capillary Refill = Decreased
Respiratory Rate = 30-40
Urine Output (mL/hr) = 5-15
Mental Status = Anxious/Confused 
Fluid Replacement = crystall+blood
26
Q

Class IV Shock

A 
Blood Loss (mL) = 2000 or more
Blood Loss (%BV) = 40% or more
Pulse Rate = 140 or higher
Blood Pressure = Decreased
Pulse Pressure = Decreased
Capillary Refill = Decreased
Respiratory Rate = >35
Urine Output (mL/hr) = negligible 
Mental Status = Confused/lethargic
Fluid Replacement = crystall+blood
27
Q

Blood flow through the heart

A

In from the superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve (bicuspid valve), left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, the rest of the body.

28
Q

5 R’s

A

ALLERGIES?

Right patient
Right drug
Right dose 
Right route
Right time
29
Q

Sympathetic agonist

A

Stimulates sympathetic nervous system

pupil dilation, increased heart rate , dry mouth and decreased digestion

it’s a drug that activate alpha or beta adrenergic receptors. the classic example is epinephrine.

30
Q

Beta 2

A

Activation of the beta2 receptor leads to vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle relaxation. Drugs that activate the beta2 receptor can be used to treat as asthma (by relaxing airway smooth muscle) and premature labor (by relaxing uterine smooth muscle).

31
Q

Beta 1

A

Activation of the beta1 receptor leads to increases in contractile force and heart rate. Drugs that activate the beta1 receptor can be used in heart failure to improve the contractile state of the failing heart. Drugs that activate the beta1 receptor also increase heart rate. Indeed, excess stimulation the beta1 receptor can induce significant increases in heart rate and arrhythmias. Arrhythmias are a major concern with drugs such as epinephrine that can be absorbed systemically after intra-oral injection.

32
Q

How may a tension pneumothorax present?

A
  • Tracheal deviation away from affected side.
  • Hyper resonance over the sternum
  • JVD
  • Diminished or absent sounds on affected side.
  • Tachypnea
33
Q

Major causes of hyperkalemia (high potassium)

A 
Kidney dysfunction (renal failure)
Digoxin overdoes
Rhabdomyolysis 
ACE Inhibitor Overdose
Strong NSAIDS
34
Q

Atelectasis

A

alveolar collapse, not synonymous with pneumothorax (although pneumothorax includes atelectasis), it has several causes:

recent thoracic or abdominal surgery
airway obstructions
as a result of suctioning
tumors or other chronic lung disease

35
Q

Murhpy’s Sign

A

Relief from abdominal pain from deep palpation under the ribs. It is a sign of cholecystisis

36
Q

Grey Turner’s Sign

A

Bruising over the flanks, indicates possible hemorrhagic pancreatitis.

37
Q

Cullen’s Sign

A

Blue discoloration over the umbilicus

38
Q

Roving’s Sign

A

Pain elicited from palpation over the right lower abdominal quadrant, from appendicitis.

39
Q

Trousseau’s Sign

A

In hyperventilating patient, inflating a BP cuff and observing the resultant cramping of the hand. A result of hypercalcemia in the muscles.

EMT (4 decks)

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