EMT 205 Flashcards
medication types listed in the bible
gums, spices, oils, narcotis
when was ‘chemical medicine’ born
17th century
the federal government provides incentives to pharmaceutical companies to research and develop less profitable drugs
orphan drugs
any substance taken by mouth, injection, blood vessel. or cavity into the body.
drug
exact description of a drug
chemical name
often an abbreviated form of the chemical name and is used more commonly than chemical name
generic name
the name that is trademarked used to sell the medication
trade name
the official name of a drug followed by the initials USP
official name
name one source of drug information
American medical association drug evaluations
american hospital formula service drug information
medication package inserts
physicians desk reference
nursing drug reference
when was the pure food and drug act passes
1906
how do you measure strength purity or effectiveness of a drug
analysis in the lab
name the drug regulatory agencies
Food and drug administration
Public health service
federal trade commission
canadian drug control
international drug control
what two types of effects can drugs have
therapeutic or side effect
how many effects do drugs typically cause
many, it is rare for drugs to have one effect
a drug that innteracts with a receptor to stimulate a response is known as
agonist
what does a drug need in order to produce a desired effect
to enter the body
a drug that attaches to a receptor but does not stimulate a response is called
antagonist
what three phases does a drug go through to reach appropriate concentrations at its site of action
pharmaceutical phase
pharmacokinetic phase
pharmacodynamic phase
what is the science of dispensing drugs
pharmaceutics
what is the rate at which a solid drug goes into solution after ingestion
dissolution
what is the study of how the body handles a drug over time including the processes of absorption distribution biotransformation and excretion
pharmacokinetics
what involves the movement of drug molecules from the entry site to the general circulation
absorption
what does the rate a drug absorbs depend on
the ability to cross the cell membrane
most drugs enter the cell by what
passive diffusion
what factors determine the rate and extent of absorption
(6)
-nature of the absorbing surface the drug must traverse
-blood flow to the site of admin
-solubility of the drug
-ph of the drug environment
-the drug concentration
-the form of the drug dosage
a large dose, first that temporarily exceeds the capacity for excretion of the drug
loading dose
smaller dose, than can be administered to replace the amount of drug excreted
maintenance dose
what are the 4 route names of drug admin
-enteral (admin along any portion of GI track)
-parenteral(admin by any route except the GI track)
-pulmonary(inhalation or endotracheal)
-topical (admin by skin or mucosal membranes)
name 4 methods of enteral route
oral absorption
gastric
small intestine
rectal
name 6 methods of the parenteral route
sub q
intramuscular
IV
intradermal
intraosseous
endotracheal
2 methods of topical route
skin and nasal
as drugs enter the circulatory they attach to plasma proteins forming a
drug protein complex
what disease alters the ability of the body to metabolize many medications
liver
where does ‘drug pooling’ take place
fat and bone
how long can lipid soluble drugs remain stored in the fat
as long as 2 hours
single layer of capillary endothelial cells, they line the bloodvessels entering the CNS
blood brain barrier
what is ADME
absosrbed
distributed
metabolized
excreted
what is first past metabolism
goes to the liver first
why does the drug go to the liver
to detoxify
what organization is responsible for scheduling drugs
DEA
how many drug schedules are there and what are they based off
5
abuse potential and medical use
what is USP
united states pharmacopeia
this is the Official name of a medication
what forms do medications come in
liquid, tablet, capsule, elixor, powder, gel, tincture, suspension,
name sources of drugs (5)
plant
animal and human
mineral or mineral product
microorganism
laboratory produced chemicals
what consists of a single layer of capillary endothelial cealls that line blood vessels in the CNS
blood brain barrier
what is made up of membrane layers that separate the blood vessels of the mother and fetus
placental barrier
what is the process in which drugs are chemically converted to metabolites
biotransformation
what is the purpose of biotransformation
to detoxify a drug and render it less effective
what is it called when a large amount of the drug may be metabolized before reaching the systemic circulation?
first past metabolism
what is the elimination of toxic or inactive metabolites
excretion
what are the primary organs for excretion
kidneys
what are the 3 renal excretion mechanisms
passive glomerular filtration
active tubular secretions
partial reabsorption
what is the reabsorption from the renal tubule by passive diffusion
partial reabsorption
what are the 8 factors that influence the action of drugs
age
body mass
sex
environment
time of admin
pathologic state
genetic factors
psychological factors
what demonstrates the relationship between the concentration of drug in the plasma and the effectiveness of the drug over time
plasma level profiles
the concentration that provides the highest probability of responses with the lease risk of toxicity
therapeutic range
what does a narrow therapeutic index mean
concentration ranch between effective levels of the drug and lethal levels of the dug is small
what 5 things need to be considered for pediatric medications
age
absorption
distribution
biotransformation
elimination
sympathetic is also know as
adrenergic
parasympathetic is also known as
cholinergic
the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems generally work as physiologic antagonists on
effector organs
the sympathetic nervous systems tend to affect what
widespread areas of the body
chemicals that are released from one neuron at the presynaptic nerve fiber
neurotransmitter
in the sympathetic and parasymp. divisions, the neurotransmitter for preganglionic fiber at the junction between the preganglionic figer and the synapse is
acetylcholine
what are the two major receptor types
alpha adrenergic receptors
beta adrenergic receptors
what are the 4 classification of autonomic drugs
cholinergic
cholinergic blocking
adrenergic
adrenergic blocking
what 2 major effects does acetylcholine have in the nervous system
stimulant effects on the ganglia adrenal medulla and skeletal muschle
stimulant effects at postganglionic nerve endings in the cranial smooth muscle and glands
what are the three naturally occurring catecholamines present in the body
epi
norepi and dopamine
what 2 catagories are beta blocking drugs grouped into
selective beta blocking
non selective beta blocking drugs
what reverses the effect of some narcotic analgesics
narcotic antagonists
what type of drugs are CNS depressants
anesthetics
what two types of prototypical groups of drugs are used to treat anxiety and induce sleep
benzodiazepines and barbiturates
how fast do short acting barbiturates produce effect
10 - 15 min
what drugs depress the excitability of neurons that fire to initiate the seizure
anticonvulsants
