EMS lectures 2,3,4,

Question 1

What do the following Prefix Mean
Ana-
Dys-
Hyper-
Hypo-
Meta-

Answer 1

Without
Disordered
excess
deficiency
change of state

Question 2

what do the following suffix mean

• itis
• oma
• osis
• oid
• penia
• cytosis
• ectasis
• plasia
• opathy

Answer 2

1) Inflammatory Process
2) tumour
3) state
4) resemble
5) reduction
6) increase
7) dilation
8) disorder of growth
9) abnormal appearance, lacking in characteristic

Question 3

Define cell injury

Answer 3

Biochemical and or morphological changes that occur when the steady state of a cell is perturbed by adverse influences

Question 4

what occurs when cells are put under stress

Answer 4

cellular adaption

Question 5

what types of cellular adaption occurs with increased cellular activity

Answer 5

hyperplasia

hypertrophy

Question 6

what cellular adaption occurs with decreased cellular activity

Answer 6

atrophy

Question 7

what can cause cell injurty

Answer 7

O2 availability
trauma
chemical agents
infectious organisms
irradiation
immunological
lack of vitamins/nutrients
genetic disorders
aging

Question 8

What does hypoxia cause and what is it?

Answer 8

reduction or loss of o2 delivery to cells leads to ischaemia

Question 9

what is Reoxygenation, and what is a risk of it?

Answer 9

reperfusion of the ischaemic tissues, can generate free radicals that cause pain

Question 10

How can physical trauma damage cells

Answer 10

disruption of cell structure

thrombosis leads to ischaemia

Question 11

what are the targets of cell injury

Answer 11

mitochondrial function
membrane integrity and function
cytoskeleton
genetic apparatus

Question 12

what is the result of a sublethal cell injury

Answer 12

cell swelling

fatty change - accumulation steatosis

Question 13

Free Radical toxicity - how it works

Answer 13

free radical created in highly reactive ions
stimulates cell injury pathway
chain reaction causes more free radicals
apoptosis of damaged proteins

Detoxification - Vit A,C,E and antioxidants = treatment

Question 14

what can cause membrane defects?

What does Ca2+ influx cause?

Answer 14

bacterial toxins, viral proteins, complement, cytolytic lymphocytes, chemical and physical agents

activated enzymes with deleterious cellular effects

• APTases - inc ATP depletion
• phospholipase - membrane damage
• protease - breakdown membrane and cytoskeleton
• endonuclease - DNA fragmentation

Question 15

when does cell death occur

Answer 15

when irreversible damage has been done to the interaction between DNA, membrane and enzymes

Question 16

what is necrosis ?

Types of necrosis - morphological categories

Answer 16

cell death as result of lethal cell injury
- passive process
- causes inflammatory reaction 
types 
- coagulative
- caseous - TB 
- colliquative - occurs in brain 
- gangrene 
- fat/fibrinoid

Question 17

Explain Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 17

Denaturation of cytoplasmic protein

necrotic tissue swollen and firm
shows evidence of retention in microscopic architecture

Typical ischaemic injury

Question 18

Caseous Necrosis - explain

Answer 18

cellular detail is destroyed and area is surrounded by granulomatous inflammation

typical in TB

Question 19

Colliquative necrosis - explain

Answer 19

necrotic brain tissue totally liquifies and site is marked by a cyst

Question 20

Gangrenous necrosis - types

Answer 20

wet - common in bowel

Dry - common in diabetes

Question 21

What is apoptosis

Answer 21

programmes cell death
active and requires damage

can be both physiological AND pathological

Question 22

what is acute inflammation

Answer 22

non specific initial reaction to cell damage

Question 23

causes of acute inflammation

Answer 23

1) tissue death - (ischaemic, trauma, toxins, chemical insult, thermal injury, radiation)
2) Infection - bacterial especially

Question 24

what are the function of acute inflammation

Answer 24

clear away dead tissue
locally protect from infection
allow access of immune system components

Question 25

what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 25

calor, rubor, dolor, tumor

Heat, redness, pain, swelling

Question 26

what is the meaning of the following types of inflammation

• serous
• fibrinous
• purulent

Answer 26

• outpouring of serous fluid
• fibrin
• pus

Question 27

what are the components of a inflammatory response (3)

Answer 27

vascular reaction - dilation
exudative reaction - formation of inflammatory exudate
cellular reaction - migration of inflammatory cells out of vessels

Question 28

what occurs in the vascular reaction

Answer 28

microvascular dilatation
flow inc then decreases
increased permeability of vessels

mediated inc perm
- histamine, bradykinin, NO, leukotriene B4, complement component pass through

Non-mediated in perm
- damage to endothelium
toxins and physical agents pass though

Question 29

What occurs in the cellular reaction

Answer 29

accumulation of neutrophils in the extracellular space

severe cases neutrophils and cell debris = pus

Question 30

what is the exudate formed

Answer 30

protein rich - filled with immunoglobulins and fibrinogen

constantly turning over
- dilutes noxious agents, supplies nutrients, spreads inflammatory mediators antibiotics and drugs

Question 31

What are neutrophils

Where are they produced

Answer 31

• commonest white cell in blood
• responsible for directional chemotaxis
• can move into tissue
• short life span

produced in bone marrow
PHAGOCYTOTIC

Question 32

cell derived mediators of acute inflammation

Answer 32

histamine - stored

synthesised
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
PAD
cytokines
NO
chemokines

Question 33

plasma derived mediators of acute inflammation

Answer 33

kinin system
clotting pathway
thrombolytic pathway
complement pathway