EMS lectures 2,3,4, Flashcards
What do the following Prefix Mean Ana- Dys- Hyper- Hypo- Meta-
Without Disordered excess deficiency change of state
what do the following suffix mean
- itis
- oma
- osis
- oid
- penia
- cytosis
- ectasis
- plasia
- opathy
1) Inflammatory Process
2) tumour
3) state
4) resemble
5) reduction
6) increase
7) dilation
8) disorder of growth
9) abnormal appearance, lacking in characteristic
Define cell injury
Biochemical and or morphological changes that occur when the steady state of a cell is perturbed by adverse influences
what occurs when cells are put under stress
cellular adaption
what types of cellular adaption occurs with increased cellular activity
hyperplasia
hypertrophy
what cellular adaption occurs with decreased cellular activity
atrophy
what can cause cell injurty
O2 availability trauma chemical agents infectious organisms irradiation immunological lack of vitamins/nutrients genetic disorders aging
What does hypoxia cause and what is it?
reduction or loss of o2 delivery to cells leads to ischaemia
what is Reoxygenation, and what is a risk of it?
reperfusion of the ischaemic tissues, can generate free radicals that cause pain
How can physical trauma damage cells
disruption of cell structure
thrombosis leads to ischaemia
what are the targets of cell injury
mitochondrial function
membrane integrity and function
cytoskeleton
genetic apparatus
what is the result of a sublethal cell injury
cell swelling
fatty change - accumulation steatosis
Free Radical toxicity - how it works
free radical created in highly reactive ions
stimulates cell injury pathway
chain reaction causes more free radicals
apoptosis of damaged proteins
Detoxification - Vit A,C,E and antioxidants = treatment
what can cause membrane defects?
What does Ca2+ influx cause?
bacterial toxins, viral proteins, complement, cytolytic lymphocytes, chemical and physical agents
activated enzymes with deleterious cellular effects
- APTases - inc ATP depletion
- phospholipase - membrane damage
- protease - breakdown membrane and cytoskeleton
- endonuclease - DNA fragmentation
when does cell death occur
when irreversible damage has been done to the interaction between DNA, membrane and enzymes
what is necrosis ?
Types of necrosis - morphological categories
cell death as result of lethal cell injury - passive process - causes inflammatory reaction types - coagulative - caseous - TB - colliquative - occurs in brain - gangrene - fat/fibrinoid
Explain Coagulative Necrosis
Denaturation of cytoplasmic protein
necrotic tissue swollen and firm
shows evidence of retention in microscopic architecture
Typical ischaemic injury
Caseous Necrosis - explain
cellular detail is destroyed and area is surrounded by granulomatous inflammation
typical in TB
Colliquative necrosis - explain
necrotic brain tissue totally liquifies and site is marked by a cyst
Gangrenous necrosis - types
wet - common in bowel
Dry - common in diabetes
What is apoptosis
programmes cell death
active and requires damage
can be both physiological AND pathological
what is acute inflammation
non specific initial reaction to cell damage
causes of acute inflammation
1) tissue death - (ischaemic, trauma, toxins, chemical insult, thermal injury, radiation)
2) Infection - bacterial especially
what are the function of acute inflammation
clear away dead tissue
locally protect from infection
allow access of immune system components
what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation
calor, rubor, dolor, tumor
Heat, redness, pain, swelling
what is the meaning of the following types of inflammation
- serous
- fibrinous
- purulent
- outpouring of serous fluid
- fibrin
- pus
what are the components of a inflammatory response (3)
vascular reaction - dilation
exudative reaction - formation of inflammatory exudate
cellular reaction - migration of inflammatory cells out of vessels
what occurs in the vascular reaction
microvascular dilatation
flow inc then decreases
increased permeability of vessels
mediated inc perm
- histamine, bradykinin, NO, leukotriene B4, complement component pass through
Non-mediated in perm
- damage to endothelium
toxins and physical agents pass though
What occurs in the cellular reaction
accumulation of neutrophils in the extracellular space
severe cases neutrophils and cell debris = pus
what is the exudate formed
protein rich - filled with immunoglobulins and fibrinogen
constantly turning over
- dilutes noxious agents, supplies nutrients, spreads inflammatory mediators antibiotics and drugs
What are neutrophils
Where are they produced
- commonest white cell in blood
- responsible for directional chemotaxis
- can move into tissue
- short life span
produced in bone marrow
PHAGOCYTOTIC
cell derived mediators of acute inflammation
histamine - stored
synthesised prostaglandins leukotrienes PAD cytokines NO chemokines
plasma derived mediators of acute inflammation
kinin system
clotting pathway
thrombolytic pathway
complement pathway
