EMS lectures 15,16,17,18

Question 1

What is the total amount of CO2 produced a day?

Answer 1

25mol/day

Question 2

What amount of unmetabolised acids are produced in a day

Answer 2

50mmol/day

Question 3

What amount of plasma H+ is produced in a day

Answer 3

40nmol/L

Question 4

What is normal pH

Answer 4

7.45-7.35

[H+] = 35-45nmol/l

Question 5

What is the prinicple of the henderson hasselbalch equation

Answer 5

[H+] homeostatis needs balance of H+ production and regeneration of HCO3-

Question 6

Sites of acid base metabolism

Answer 6

lungs, kidneys, gi tract, liver

Question 7

what enters/exits cell during tissue gas exchange

Answer 7

O2 in
Co2 out
Cl- in and out

Question 8

what causes a right shift on the O2, Hb dissociation curve

Answer 8

Increased

2,3diPG, H+, Temperature

Question 9

what type of acid base metabolism occurs in the liver

Answer 9

lactate metabolism
UREA synthesis (only site)

Question 10

what occurs in severe liver failure

Answer 10

NH4+ toxicity
Metabolic alkalosis
lack of urea and H+ produced

Question 11

What are the compensatory mechanisms for acidosis/alkalosis

Answer 11

Respiratory
Renal bicarb regeneration
hepatic ship between urea syntheis and ammonia excretion

Question 12

What is metabolic acidosis

Answer 12

Increase H+ formation (acid ingestion)
Decrease renal H+ excretion
decrease bicarb

H+ up pO2 up
pCo2 Down

Question 13

What is metabolic alkalosis
what are the consequences of metabolica alkalosis
causes?

Answer 13

Generation bicarb by gastric mucosa
Renal generation HCO3- in HYPOKALAEMIA

H+ down, pO2 down
pCO2 up

K+ in cells and urine
PO4 in cells
respiratory suppression

Vomiting, ectopic ACTH

Question 14

what is respiratory Acidosis

Answer 14

Co2 retention
- poor ventilation, perfusion, lungdisease

H+ up, pCO2 up
pO2 DOWN

Question 15

What is respiratory alkalosis

Answer 15

inc CO2 excretion
excessive ventilatoin

H+ down PCO2 down
pO2 UP

Question 16

Causes of increased H+ formation

Answer 16

Ketoacidosis (diabetes, alcoholism)
Lactic acidosis
poisoning
inheritied organic acidosis

Question 17

What is diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 17

hyperglycaemia - osmotic diuresis

causes hyperketonemia - increased FFA

Question 18

what is alcoholic ketoacidosis

Answer 18

NAD+ depletion (thiamine)

• thiamine deficiency
• increased glycolyisis for ATP
• keto-acids inc to counter hormones

VOMIT ALOT

Question 19

define adaption

Answer 19

reversible change in cellular features due to environmental changes

Question 20

What are the types of adaptive response

Answer 20

increased cellular activity
decreased cellular activity
change of morphological features

Question 21

what is adaptive response to an increase of demand

Answer 21

hypertrophy

hyperplasia

Question 22

what is the effect of subcellular hypertrophy/hyperplasia

Answer 22

increased drug metabolism due to increased organelles

Question 23

What is atrophy

Answer 23

reduction of organ/tissue size due to decrease in cell size or number

Question 24

What are the mechanisms for atrophy

Answer 24

decrease of individual cell volume

death of individual cell via apoptosis

Question 25

What is INVOLUTION

Answer 25

death of indiviudal cells via apoptosis as a mechanism for adaption

Question 26

define

agenesis

Answer 26

failure to form embryonic cell mass

Question 27

define aplasia

Answer 27

failure to differnetiate into organ specific tissue

Question 28

define dysplasia

Answer 28

failure to organise into tissues of organ

Question 29

define hypoplasia

Answer 29

failure to grow to full size organ

Question 30

what is meta plasia

Answer 30

transformation form one cell type to another
epithelium or mesenchymal tissue
physiological or pathological

Question 31

What is dysplasia

Answer 31

earliest stage of neoplasia
irreversible
non invasive in situ disease
cytology of malignancy