Employing Communicative Strategies in Various Speech Situations Flashcards
Cohen (1990), as cited by Sipacio & Balgos (2016), states that __________ must be used to start and maintain a conversation.
strategies
A speaker carries out __________ to collaboratively and productively establish a topic. Basically, when you employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with the people you are talking to.
- did not arise from previous talk
nomination
refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker. When communicating in the classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging out with your friends, you are typically given specific instructions that you must follow. These instructions
confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say.
- because of the higher authority that imposes it to make the conversation successful
restriction
Factors that must be considered for nomination and restriction
- social relationships (higher and lower authority)
- environment (one-on-one and group communication)
refer to those who are assigned to control the flow of the conversation. Their role is to ask questions that will maintain the quality and productivity of communication.
- the leader– the one who usually restricts and initiates the conversation
Higher authority
refer to the participants who start as listeners and are then nominated to be speakers when called by the higher authorities. They are called using their names. They may also use nonverbal cues to initiate that they want to join the conversation.
lower authority
effective conversations contain
some high authority and low authority (on certain situations, there must be give and take)
Tutorials and interviews are common settings for this in nomination and restriction.
one on one communication
what type of communication (setting)
Tutorials and interviews
one on one communication
what type of communication (setting)
Panel discussion, class discussion, forum, and debates
group communication
guidelines in nominating or restricting participants in a discussion.
The main speaker should state the _______ that will be discussed. It is necessary to give participants an idea on what will be talked
about.
topic
Calling the participants by their _________ is the proper way of nominating them in the conversation. Also, the speaker may use _____________, such as pointing at the person to signal that he or she may share his or her ideas.
name, nonverbal cues
Participants who wish to join the discussion can perform _______________to express their interest. For example, a
participant can raise his or her hand or say “May I be allowed to speak?”
verbal or nonverbal cues
When other participants try to join the discussion even without nomination, the speaker may use verbal and nonverbal cues to
___________ them. He or she can say “Let me finish first, then I’ll get back to your question . . .” or announce before the discussion
starts that “questions or comments will be entertained after the presentation.” Keep in mind that in restricting participants, the
speaker or the higher authority should approach them ___________________
restrict, politely or professionaly
the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor. There is a code of behavior behind establishing and
sustaining a productive conversation, but the primary idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak.
turn-taking
why is turn-taking a process
because it has three turn-taking acts:
- keep-turn
- release-turn
- take-turn
turn-taking act
suggests that a speaker must not stop until he fulfills his purpose in a conversation.
keep-turn
turn-taking act
suggests that a speaker is finished talking and is ready to yield the floor to another person to take his or her turn. He or she may use signals or pause in a conversation.
release-turn
turn-taking act
suggests that another participant can take the role of the speaker.
- which a participant stops speaking
and yields the floor to another participant so he or she could begin to speak.
take-turn
signals and cues which indicate that a speaker wants to keep, yield, or take his or her turn:
intonation signals, verbal cues, non-verbal cues/gestures
_______________ suggest that the speaker wants to keep or yield his or her turn. Rising and falling intonations indicate that a speaker is releasing his or her turn. A _____________ indicates that a speaker is about to end his or her turn, while a _______________ implies that a speaker is asking the participants for clarification and confirmation or sometimes to express disbelief.
intonation signals; falling intonation; rising intonation
____________- suggest that a speaker wants to yield or to keep his or her turn. For example, calling the participants’ ________ indicate that a speaker is releasing his or her turn. Meanwhile, using _______________ such as “additionally,” “on the contrary,”
“furthermore,” “consequently,” or “likewise” suggests the speaker has something more to say.
verbal cues; names; sentence connectors
__________________, like raising one’s hand, show that a participant wants to take the floor or speak. Also, when a
speaker points to or fixes his or her gaze on a participant may mean that he or she wants that participant to speak.
non-verbal cues or gestures
turn-taking rule
_________________ - participants should wait for the speaker to finish first before interrupting.
limit interruptions
turn-taking rule
_________________ - participants should wait for verbal and nonverbal cues.
properly timed signals
turn-taking rule
_________________ - participants should dedicate their attention to or be interested in the
discussion so that they will know when to take turns..
acknowledge understanding and provide attention
refers to the main idea or focus of a sentence.
- specific in nature
sentence topic/sentential topic
the topic of the conversation as a whole.
- general in nature
discourse topic
suggests, involves moving from one topic to another.
- you have to be very intuitive. Make sure that the previous topic was nurtured enough to generate adequate views.
- You may also use effective conversational transitions to indicate a shift like “By the way,” “In addition to what you said,” “Which reminds me of,” and the like.
- It occurs when one intentionally or unintentionally changes the direction of the flow of ideas in a conversation.
- A speaker usually introduces a new topic when he or she is not familiar or not interested with the topic being talked about.
topic-shifting
ways on how to shift a topic
-when the listener concentrates on some phrases from the last statement mentioned by the speaker. The idea develops and sticks within the context of the situation.
speaking topically
ways on how to shift a topic
- occurs when the listener concentrates on a word, but the newly introduced idea may not be related to the context of the topic.
speaking on the topic
covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topics in conversations or discourse.
- Remember that regardless of the formality of the context, it is achieved cooperatively.
-This only means that when a topic is initiated, it should be collectively developed by avoiding
unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts. - It occurs when the main or assigned speaker manipulates the discussion so as to maintain its flow without moving away from or changing the topic.
- Participants should be mindful of verbal cues as the main speaker uses statements such as “Let’s focus on . . .” or “Let’s discuss . . .” to set the topic of the conversation or “As I was saying . . .” or “Going back to . . .” to sustain or return to the original topic.
- depends on the type of communication situation. Participants should recognize who controls the conversation
and who among the members is allowed to speak.
topic control
to the opportunity given to a speaker to talk,
turn
a common example of violation in communication
interruptions
______________ requires an interactive exchange of messages
within the speaker and participant
communication
most common violations in any communication situation
grabbing the floor, overlapping, hogging the floor, being silent, dead air
violation
committed when a speaker is not able to fulfill his or her purpose because a participant takes over the role of being a speaker, without allowing him or her to finish his or her turn first.
grabbing the floor (also called interruption)
violation
is similar to grabbing the floor. However, instead of a participant giving up his or her turn to another, both of them are talking at the same time.
overlapping
violation
occurs when a speaker ignores others who try to join or take over the discussion.
hogging the floor
violation
happens when no one wants to speak or take the floor.
dead silence/dead air
(true or false) it is important for each participant to know how to recognize these violations so as to apply specific communication strategies to fix them.
true
refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation.
- self-righting mechanism
- acknowledging, recasting, repeating, topic-shift, etc
- used to fix violation
repair
refers to a participant’s close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation. Most of the time, the topic initiator takes
responsibility to signal the end of the discussion through concluding cues. You can also do this by sharing what you have learned from the conversation, and soliciting agreement from the other participants.
- can be used to fix violations
termination
guidelines on how to repair or terminate
__________________ is the first step to repairing a conversation. When a participant interrupts or overlaps, the main speaker should recognize this situation and address it briefly. The speaker can say “I appreciate your comment. I will respond to that after I have discussed a few more slides.”
recognizing the violation
guidelines on how to repair or terminate
__________ to the main topic is the next step after recognition. One may use verbal cues such as “anyway,” “going back,” or “as
I was saying.”
shifting back
guidelines on how to repair or terminate
Asking _______________ are necessary to let other participants know that they have returned to the original topic. Yes-no questions are usually used to confirm understanding among members.
leading questions
guidelines on how to repair or terminate
After disregarding unnecessary topics, speakers may choose to ____________ the conversation by taking a break, shifting to a
new topic, or rescheduling a conversation.
end or terminate
