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Emotions, mental health and neuroscience > Emotions in Brain (3a) > Flashcards

Emotions in Brain (3a) Flashcards

1
Q

emotions: head or heart?

A

scientists suggest they work together

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2
Q

main structures of the limbic system

A

hypothalamus
mammillary body
amygdala
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus
insula

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3
Q

what is the mammillary body a part of?

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

papez circuit (Papez, 1937)

A
  • brain area linked to emotion processing
  • system borders the thalamus
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5
Q

what was the papez circuit (PApez, 1937) late renamed to?

A

limbic system

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6
Q

which brain structures regulate the stress response? (HPA-axis)

A

amygdala
hippocampus

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7
Q

what does stress lead to the release of and where?

A

corticotropin-release hormone (CRH) in the hypothalamus

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8
Q

what does HPA (HPA-axis) stand for?

A

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
adrenal gland

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9
Q

what does the pituitary gland release

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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10
Q

what does the adrenal gland release?

A

cortisol

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11
Q

what is cortisol

A

the stress hormone

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12
Q

what does the release of cortisol lead to?

A

increased sympathic activation

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13
Q

2 parts of autonomous nervous system

A

sympathic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

cortical/ subcortical pathways for processing threatening emotional stimuli (LeDoux, 1998)

A

emotional stimulus
thalamus / superior colliculus
sensory (visual) cortex
amygdala
emotional response

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15
Q

localisation theories of emotions

A

there are specific brain areas (physiological responses) for specific emotions

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16
Q

evidence for localisation theory (amygdala - fear)

A
  • animal studies: amygdala has a pivotal role in fear and fear conditioning (Fendt & Fanselow, 1999)
  • human lesion studies: SM did not experience of recognitise fear (Feinstein et al., 2011)
  • neuroimaging studies: greater amygdala activation during the perception/ experience of fear or anxiety-related states compared to other emotions (Taylor & Whalen, 2015)
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17
Q

according to localisation theories, what emotion is the amygdala responsible for?

A

fear

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18
Q

according to localisation theories, what emotion is the insula responsible for?

A

disgust

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19
Q

evidence for localisation theory (insula - disgust)

A
  • animal studies: electrical stimulation of monkeys elicit behaviour, facial expressions and physiological responses of disgust (Caruana et al., 2011)
  • human lesion studies: left lesions of insula and putamen - reduced disgust recognition in faces and sounds (Boucher et al., 2015)
  • human neuroimaging/ intracranial recording studies: insula more activated during perceptions and expression of disgust than for other emotions (Krolak-Salmon et al., 2003)
  • human electrical stimuluation studies: accuracy of disgust recognition reducted (Papagno et al., 2016)
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20
Q

according to localisation theories, what emotion is the anterior cingulate cortex responsible for?

A

sadness

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21
Q

according to localisation theories, what emotion is the orbitofrontal cortex responsible for?

A

anger

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22
Q

according to localisation theories, what emotion is the supplementary motor area responsible for?

A

happiness

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23
Q

evidence against localisation theory (amygdala - fear)

A
  • lesion studies: patients are impaired in recognising fearful faces - might be more related to the response to threatening stimuli (Sander et al., 2003)
  • amygdala also responds to other negative emotions (Adolphs, 2013) and positive emotions (Lindquest et al., 2012)
24
Q

evidence against localisation theory (insula -disgust)

A

increased insula activity for many types of stimuli and tasks (e.g., interoceptive awareness, pain, empathy, fairness, speech production) (Craig, 2009)

25
Q

consistency problems with localisationist approach

A

when a variable significantly preicted increased activity in a brain area

26
Q

specificity problems with localisationist approach

A

only one variable predicted an increase in a brain area
e.g., specific activation by one emotion

27
Q

hemispheric theories

A

hemisphered are different in representing emotions

28
Q

three key hypotheses on hemispheric specialisation

A

right hemisphere hypothesis
valence hypothesis
approach (avoidance hypothesis)

29
Q

according to hemispheric specialisation (right hemisphere hypothesis), what is the LH responsible for

A

abstract and logical thinking
computation
language compensation

30
Q

according to hemispheric specialisation (right hemisphere hypothesis), what is the RH responsible for

A

emotions
creativity
imagination
spatial abilities

31
Q

what is the main idea of right hemisphere hypothesis

A

perception, experience, and expression of positive and negative emotions are predominantly carried out by the RH

32
Q

hysterical hemianesthesia

A

psychological condition without clear organic origing
almost exclusively on left body side

33
Q

Wada test

A

anesthesia of RH by injection into the internal carotid artery

34
Q

evidence for right hemisphere hypothesis

A
  • patients with left side body paralysis after brain damage to RH became emotionally volatile, manic, delusional (Luys, 19th C)
  • hysterical hemianesthesia
  • Wada test = perceived lower intensity in facial emotional expressions (Ahern et al., 1991)
  • recognition of facial expression = superior in left visual field
  • emotions more storngly expressed on left side of face (Borod et al., 1997)
35
Q

valence hypothesis

A

LH = positive emotions
RH = negative emotions

36
Q

approach-withdrawal hypothesis (Harmon-Jones et al., 2010) - LH

A

approach
- positive emotions are mainly processed in LH
- link to approach behaviour

37
Q

approach-avoidance hypothesis (Harmon-Jones et al., 2010) - RH

A

avoidance
- negative emotions are mainly processed in the RH
- link to withdrawal behaviour

38
Q

constructionist theories of emotions

A

emotions are constructed by the changing activation of several brain networks

39
Q

constructionist theories: conceptual act theory (Barrett, 2014)

A

emotions emerge when people make meaning out of sensory input from the body and the world based on prior knowledge

40
Q

according to the conceptual act model, emotions are….

A

situated conceptualisations

41
Q

according to the conceptual act model, what does the brain make?

A

an initial prediction about the meaning of the sensory array in context
- the error between this initial top-down prediction and the sensory activity is quickly minimised to produce a unified conscious experience

42
Q

key components of conceptual act theory

A

core affect
(situated) conceptualisation
executive functions
exteroceptive sensations

43
Q

conceptual act theory: core affect

A

mental representations of bodily changes that can be experienced as feelings, pleasure/ displeasure with some degree of arousal

44
Q

conceptual act theory: conceptualisations

A

link perceptions of sensory input from the world with input from the body to create a meaningful psychological moment
stored representations of prior experiences are used to make meaning out of the sensations in the moment

45
Q

conceptual act theory: executive functions

A

exogenous and endogenous attentions / working memory - helps to determine which representations are utilised and which prior representations are supressed

46
Q

conceptual act theory: exteroceptive sensations

A

can influence and be influenced by components of theory

47
Q

conceptual act theory: functional clusters - core affect

A
  • amygdala
  • insula
  • mOFC
  • IOFC
  • ACC
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • basal forebrain
  • PAG
48
Q

conceptual act theory: functional clusters - conceptualisation

A
  • vmPFC
  • dmPFC
  • mTL
  • hippocampus
  • entorhinal cortex
  • PCC
49
Q

conceptual act theory: functional clusters - executive attention

A
  • dIPFC
50
Q

conceptual act theory: functional clusters - language

A
  • vIPFC
51
Q

issues regarding neurochemistry of emotions

A
  • the neurochemistry of emotions is not well researched
  • emotions are different to mood changes and mood disorders
52
Q

dopamine

A

wanting/ incentive

53
Q

opiods/ endorphins

A

liking/ numbing pain

54
Q

serotonin

A

mood regulation
axiety/ depression?

55
Q

noradrenaline

A

mood - anxiety/ depression?

56
Q

oxytocin/ vasopressin

A

bonding / attachment / love

57
Q

testosterone

A

aggression link

Emotions, mental health and neuroscience (10 decks)

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