Emotion Regulation (1b)

Question 1

define emotion regulation

Answer 1

the processes by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions (Gross, 1998)

Question 2

Gross’ model: the process model

Answer 2

situation
- situation selection
- situation modification
attention
- attentional deployment
appraisal
- cognitive change
response
- response modulation

Question 3

situation selection

Answer 3

taking actions that make it more (or less) likely that one will be in a situation that gives rise to a desirable (or undesirable) emotion

Question 3

findings from Webb et al., (2018) study on situation selection

Answer 3

people who tend to react strongly when feeling an emotion beneficiated from the intervention
not that helpful for people low in emotional reactivity

Question 4

situation modification

Answer 4

taking actions that directly alter a situation in order to change its emotional impact

Question 5

attentional deployment

Answer 5

directing one’s attention with the goals of influencing one’s emotional response

Question 6

when is attentional deployment especially beneficial?

Answer 6

childhood
when emotion is too intence

Question 7

cognitive change

Answer 7

modifying one’s appraisal of a situation (external or internal) to alter its emotional impact
- reappraisal
- alters the emotional experience

Question 8

response modulation

Answer 8

directly influencing experiential, behavioural or physiological components of the emotional response after the emotion is well-developed
- suppresion
- alters the emotional expression

Question 9

cognitive reappraisal vs suppression - 2 types of studies

Answer 9

lab findings
- causality
- good control measures
- inconsistent findings (individual differences?)

correlational designs
- individual differences

Question 10

findings from emotional experience study (Kalokerinos et al., 2015)

Answer 10

reappraisal but not suppression downregulates the experience of positive and negative emotion

Question 11

Richard and Gross (1999) - findings from effect on memory study

Answer 11

less emotion-expressive behaviour in suppression vs no-suppression participants
suppression decreases memory performance

Question 12

what does suppression require

Answer 12

self-monitoring and self-corrective actions throughout an emotional event / continual demand on cognitive resources, reducing the resources available to process events

Question 13

social consequences of suppression (Gross, 1998)

Answer 13

impairs interpersonal relationship
linked with seeking less emotional social support and being less liked by peers

Question 14

critical evaluation of reappraisal

Answer 14

may not work for everyone (Vuillier et al., 2022)
may not be adaptive at all times

Question 15

3 stages of deciding which strategy of emotional regulation to use

Answer 15

identification (whether to regulate the emotion)
selection (what strategy to use)
implementation

Question 16

alexithymia

Answer 16

not identifying the emotion

Question 17

what disorder experiences faulty valuation system during the identification stage

Answer 17

bipolar
(not because they do not have the strategies or awareness, but because they value manic state)

Question 18

what disorder experiences a faulty valuation system during the selection stage

Answer 18

social anxiety disorder
(overvaluing avoidance)

Question 19

how can the implementation stage go wrong?

Answer 19

not implementing the right strategy
- automatic pilot
- lack of understanding about strategies
not knowing how to use it

Question 20

automatic pilot

Answer 20

tendency to continue to act as one has done before, even if it is maladaptive

Question 21

measuring emotion regulation

Answer 21

ERQ
DERS
CERQ

Question 22

ERQ

Answer 22

emotion regulation questionnaire
(Gross & John, 2003)
- reappraisal and suppression
- good internal consistency and temporal stability, test-retest reliability, and sound convergent and discriminant validity

Question 23

DERS

Answer 23

difficulties in emotion regulation scale
(Gratz & Roemer, 2004)
- looks at various aspects (acceptance/ clarity/ access to strategies)
- used a lot in clinical samples
- good internal consistency and predicting utility
- brief versions with good validity and reliability

Question 24

CERQ

Answer 24

cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire
(Garnefski et al., 2001)
- conscious, cognitive handling of emotional information
- looks at adaptive and maladaptive strategies
- good construct validity, internal consistencies and test-retest reliability