Emotion Regulation (1b) Flashcards
define emotion regulation
the processes by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions (Gross, 1998)
Gross’ model: the process model
situation
- situation selection
- situation modification
attention
- attentional deployment
appraisal
- cognitive change
response
- response modulation
situation selection
taking actions that make it more (or less) likely that one will be in a situation that gives rise to a desirable (or undesirable) emotion
findings from Webb et al., (2018) study on situation selection
people who tend to react strongly when feeling an emotion beneficiated from the intervention
not that helpful for people low in emotional reactivity
situation modification
taking actions that directly alter a situation in order to change its emotional impact
attentional deployment
directing one’s attention with the goals of influencing one’s emotional response
when is attentional deployment especially beneficial?
childhood
when emotion is too intence
cognitive change
modifying one’s appraisal of a situation (external or internal) to alter its emotional impact
- reappraisal
- alters the emotional experience
response modulation
directly influencing experiential, behavioural or physiological components of the emotional response after the emotion is well-developed
- suppresion
- alters the emotional expression
cognitive reappraisal vs suppression - 2 types of studies
lab findings
- causality
- good control measures
- inconsistent findings (individual differences?)
correlational designs
- individual differences
findings from emotional experience study (Kalokerinos et al., 2015)
reappraisal but not suppression downregulates the experience of positive and negative emotion
Richard and Gross (1999) - findings from effect on memory study
less emotion-expressive behaviour in suppression vs no-suppression participants
suppression decreases memory performance
what does suppression require
self-monitoring and self-corrective actions throughout an emotional event / continual demand on cognitive resources, reducing the resources available to process events
social consequences of suppression (Gross, 1998)
impairs interpersonal relationship
linked with seeking less emotional social support and being less liked by peers
critical evaluation of reappraisal
may not work for everyone (Vuillier et al., 2022)
may not be adaptive at all times
3 stages of deciding which strategy of emotional regulation to use
identification (whether to regulate the emotion)
selection (what strategy to use)
implementation
alexithymia
not identifying the emotion
what disorder experiences faulty valuation system during the identification stage
bipolar
(not because they do not have the strategies or awareness, but because they value manic state)
what disorder experiences a faulty valuation system during the selection stage
social anxiety disorder
(overvaluing avoidance)
how can the implementation stage go wrong?
not implementing the right strategy
- automatic pilot
- lack of understanding about strategies
not knowing how to use it
automatic pilot
tendency to continue to act as one has done before, even if it is maladaptive
measuring emotion regulation
ERQ
DERS
CERQ
ERQ
emotion regulation questionnaire
(Gross & John, 2003)
- reappraisal and suppression
- good internal consistency and temporal stability, test-retest reliability, and sound convergent and discriminant validity
DERS
difficulties in emotion regulation scale
(Gratz & Roemer, 2004)
- looks at various aspects (acceptance/ clarity/ access to strategies)
- used a lot in clinical samples
- good internal consistency and predicting utility
- brief versions with good validity and reliability
CERQ
cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire
(Garnefski et al., 2001)
- conscious, cognitive handling of emotional information
- looks at adaptive and maladaptive strategies
- good construct validity, internal consistencies and test-retest reliability
