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Emotions Flashcards

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1
Q

Emotions

A

Feeling (or affect) states of short duration, that involve a pattern of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral reactions to events

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2
Q

Mood

A

Stable states of long duration

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3
Q

Categorical

A

Indicates that emotions are discrete (on/off) states

E.g. one is either angry or not

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4
Q

Dimensional

A

Indicates that emotions vary along a continuum (or multiple)

E.g. we have multiple words describinf anger: irritated, upset, cross, angery, livid, fuming, enraged

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5
Q

Basic emotions Charles Darwin

A

Charles Darwin hypothesized the existence of six basic emotions, so-named because they are conserved across species

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6
Q

Basic emotions Paul Ekman

A

Proposed 6 (later modified to 7) basic emotions for humans, because they appear to be conserved across cultures

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7
Q

Circumplex model

A

Proposes that emotion varies along 2 continua:
1. Valence –> pleasant <–>
unpleaseant
2. Arousal –> activation <–>
deactivation

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8
Q

4 main features of emotion

A
  1. Eliciting stimuli
  2. Appraisals (meaning and significance) of these stimuli
  3. Physiological response
  4. Behavioral response
    • Expressive behavior
    • Instrumental behavior
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9
Q

Eliciting stimuli

A

Stimuli that trigger cognitive appraisals and emotional responses

Primed to respons to stimuli can learn (through experience).

emotional responses to previously innocuous stimuli

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9
Q

Cognitive appraisals

A
  • Can be conscious or unconscious
  • Appraisals influence how we express our emotions and act on them
  • Explains why different people can have different reactions to the same object, situation, or person
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10
Q

Cultural and appraisal

A
  • Strong cross-cultural similarities in some types of appraisal
  • Cultural differences in other types of appraisals
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11
Q

Interaction sever brain areas –> emotion

A
  • Brainstem (pons)
  • Limbic system (amygdala, insula)
  • Cerebral cortex (prefrontal)
  • Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
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12
Q

Brain areas emotions

A
  • Cognitive appraisal processes involve the cortex
  • Ability to regulate emotion depends on the prefrontal cortex
  • Subjective feelings such as anger, fear, love involves the amygdala and pons
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13
Q

Dual-pathways model

A

Thalamus can send messages along two independent pathways:
- “High road” to the cortex
- “Low road” to the amygdala

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14
Q

Low road –> amygdala

A

enables the amygdala to receive direct input from senses

able to generate emotional reactions before the cerbral cortex has had time to interpret the stimuli

Enables organisms to respond very quickly

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15
Q

HPA axis

A

Hypothalamus activation via ‘low road’ pathway can trigger the release of stress hormones via the pituitary gland

These hormones trigger the release of adrenaline from the adrenal glands leading to a ‘adrenaline rush’

This pathway is called the hypotalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

This typically triggers a ‘fight-or-flight’ response

16
Q

Expressive behaviors

A

Facial expressions of emotion can be measured with electromyography (EMG) using FACS

Bodily expressions can be measured with EMG using BACS

17
Q

FACS + BACS

A

FACS –> Facial Action Coding System

BACS –> Body Action Coding System

18
Q

Behavioral expressions

A

People are better at judging emotions from facial expressions when they have information about situational cues

Facial expressions of emotion can be influenced by cultural norms

These norms can manifest as display rules

19
Q

James-Lange theory

A

Our bodily reactions determine the subjective emotion we experience

20
Q

Evidence James-Lange theory

A
  1. Perceiving one’s own bodily reaction enhances the intensity of emotion
  2. Spinal cord lesions: impaired perception of bodily reactions. Report lower intensity of fear and anger
  3. Facial feedback: facial movement can influence emotional experience
21
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

Problem with James-Lange theory: arousal response may take seconds to emerge, yet emotions are experienced immediatly

The subjective experience of emotion and physiological arousal do not cause one another. Independent responses to an emotion-arousing situation

22
Q

2 interdependent factors that produce emotion
(Two-factore theory of emotion)

A
  1. The intensity of physiological arousal tells us how strongly we are feeling something
  2. Situational cues give us the information we need to label the arousal and tell ourselves what we are feeling

Brain (9 decks)

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