Emotional development and temperament

Question 1

the effect of emotional development?

Answer 1

• children show more developed/earlier secondary emotions if brought up by parents who discuss emotions with them, dito for understanding mixed emotions
• emotional competence = social acceptance (more popular and better overall socially)

Question 2

example of how they studied if babies experience emotions

Answer 2

• asked adults (not parents) to look at multiple baby faces and ask them to guess their emotions
• results: we are good as adults at interrupting positive emotions but not so much at negative emotions - negative emotions are much harder to interpret

Question 3

what is a primary (basic) emotions?

Answer 3

• at birth: contentment, interest, distress, disgust, meonate smile
• 4-8 weeks: pleasure/social smile
• 2-7 months: anger, sadness, joy, surprise, fear
• biological influence: invariant sequence of emergence across culture

Question 4

what is a secondary (complex) emotions? (end of second year of life plus)

Answer 4

• embarrassment
• shame
• guilt
• envy
• pride

Question 5

when do children start to understand emotional conflicts (mixed emotions e.g crying from happiness)?

Answer 5

6 years old

Question 6

what are emotional display rules? and how do they develop?

Answer 6

• learnt rules e.g act happy towards any present you are given
• acceptable vs unacceptable
• change over time
  how do they develop?
• social training
• mothers display positive emotions in play
• adults respond selectively to babies emotional displays
• social training differs in cultures

Question 7

what is the effect of social training?

Answer 7

• 3 year olds some limited ability to disguise true feelings
• as they get older they get better at lying/masking
• learning to express or suppress emotions at will
• key to following emotional display rules is emotional self-regulation and the ability to lie about or mask our emotions
• tended to be more confident socially, and deny peer pressure if they have had social training from a young age

Question 8

is there a difference between girls and boys regulating emotions?

Answer 8

females are quicker and better at following these rules - there is ore pressure for girls to be better at regulating emotions

Question 9

how do children start to self regulate emotions?

Answer 9

• six-months old: babies will turn away from situations they don’t want to be in or suck on an object
• 1 year old: rocking, moving away, chewing on objects
• toddlers: distract themselves, show their emotions in their face (not strong emotions tho)
• 2-6 years: parental guidance and verbal help that becomes internalised
• also taught o maintain or intensify some emotions (e.g self evaluate emotions)

Question 10

when are children able to recognise emotional changes in adults’ expressions and vocalisation?

Answer 10

in their first year of life
- at 2-3 months they tend to smile more at human faces than inanimate objects

Question 10

when are children able to recognise emotional changes in adults’ expressions and vocalisation?

Answer 10

in their first year of life
- at 2-3 months they tend to smile more at human faces than inanimate objects

Question 11

define temperament

Answer 11

• the tendency to respond in a certain way across situations
• considered to a father to personality

Question 12

what are five major temperamental attributes (characteristics) in babies?

Answer 12

• activity level
• irritability
• soothability
• fearfulness
• sociability

Question 13

is temperament stable over time?