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Psych 110 > Emotion-Chp15Lec > Flashcards

Emotion-Chp15Lec Flashcards

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1
Q

Emotion

A

A class of subjective feelings created by stimuli that have high significance to an individual

  • rapid-automatic
  • arousal high from stimulus -> stronger feelings
  • natural selection created to benefit survival and reproduction
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2
Q

Functions of emotion

A
  • trigger motivated behaviors
  • helps set goals and are goals in themsleves
  • important for rational decision-making and purposeful behavior
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3
Q

Components of emotional state

A
  1. emotions= bodily states
  2. feelings= conscious sensations

mediated by different neuronal circuits

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4
Q

Animal v. Social emotions

A

Animal emotions:

  • innate, hardwired
  • rapid
  • fight-or-flight
  • Darwin
  • e.g. fear anger disgust surprise sadness happiness

Social emotions:

  • complex
  • nuanced
  • processed in the brain, not automatic
  • Damasio
  • e.g. regret, longing, jealousy
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5
Q

Subjective difference in emotion

A
  1. Intensity (varies greatly by person)
  2. Experience (same bewteen sexes)
  3. Expression (women more than men)
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6
Q

Folk Psychology

A

Autonomic responses are caused by emotion

  • stimulus -> perception -> emotion -> autonomic arousal
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7
Q

James-lange theory

A

Emotions we feel are caused by bodily changes, and they differ because they aregenerated by different physiological responses

  • Stimulus -> perception -> autonomic arousal -> emotion

Complication: many situations have same autonomic response

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8
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

The cerebral cortex simultaneously decides on the appropriate emotional experience and activates the autonomic nervous system to prepare the body for what is needed.

  • Stimulus -> Perception -> autonomic arousal + emotion
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9
Q

Schachter theory

A

Schachter’s cognitive attribution model states there are physiological states of arousal, but what emotion we experience depends on cognitive systems that assess the context of the situation, emphasizing context.

  • Stimulus-> perception of stimulus -> autonomic arousal + perception of context -> emotion
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10
Q

Schachter & Singer

A

Emotions depend on expectations and context.

Four groups:

  1. Placebo: given placebo and told no side affects
  2. Epinephrine informed: given epinephrine and told increased heart rate and sweating
  3. Epinephrine uninformed: given epinephrine and told no side affects
  4. Epinephrine misinformed: given epinephrine and told rash and itching
  • each group assigned to either happy or angry person
  • Epinephrine informed had no reaction and attributed heart rate to the drug, epinephrine uninformed experienced strong emotions and attributed heart rate to emotions
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11
Q

Current theory of emotions

A
  • cognitive appraisal
  • autonomic arousal
  • behavioral expression
  • sunjective experience
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12
Q

Universal facial expressions

A
  • contempt
  • anger
  • sadness
  • happiness
  • fear
  • embarassment
  • disgust
  • surprise
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13
Q

Cultural difference

A
  • Western shows higher expression of negative emotions
  • Non-western shows less negative emotions
  • nonliterate shows less surprise
  • all show around equal happiness
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14
Q

Cultural conditioning

A

Subtle cultural differences suggest that cultures prescribe rules for facial expression and they control and enforce those rules by cultural conditioning.

  • situation -> facial affect program (motor program for cashfeds) -> culture-specific display rules -> expression
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15
Q

Superficial v. Deep facial muscles

A

Superficial facial muscles

  • attached to facial skin
  • innervated by the facial nerve

Deep facial muscles

  • attached to skeletal structures in head
  • innervated by motor branch of trigeminal nerve
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16
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A
  • suggests that sensory feedback from our facial expressions can affect our mood
  • manipulating facial expressions can alter mood
  • impaired facial expressions may affect social interaction
  • supports James-Lange theory
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17
Q

True smile

A
  • discovered by Duchenne
  • faradization= transcutaneous electrical stimulation of facial muscles
  • muscles around eyes and zygomaticus major could not be contracted voluntarily
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18
Q

Pyramidal v. Duchenne smile

A

Pyramidal smile

  • voluntary smile
  • pyramidal system
  • motor cortex and brain stem driven
  • blocked by facial motor paresis

Duchenne smile

  • true, emotional smile
  • extrapyramidal system
  • medial forebrain, hypothalamus, brainstem, reticular formation
  • blocked by emotional motor paresis

can be seen in unilateral facial paralysis

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19
Q

Crying

A
  • only animals that use as emotional expression are humans, mutation with
  • neutral affect
  • positive affect= communication, shed hormone
  • negative affect= blur vision and add emotional confusion
20
Q
A
21
Q

Physical amygdala

A

central, medial, and basal-lateral groups

22
Q

Amygdala Functions

A
  1. first assessment of emotional significance
  2. unfamilar stimuli-sensitive
  3. neural pathway bypasses cortex
  4. emotional center (pleasure/pain)
23
Q

Fear experiments

A
  • in a series of happy -> fearfyl face pictures, more likely to rate face as fearful
  • amygdala and fusiform gyrus respond to bodily expressions of fear
  • electrical stimulus of amygdala -> fear/apprehension
  • damage -> tameness
  • cannot be aware of 2 stimuli at once -> house + scared face in either eye, when asked to see house still feel scared/activate amygdala even when reported as not seen
  • Downer
24
Q

Downer experiment

A
  • unilateral damage to amygdala, lesion corpus collosum, lesion optic chiasm
  • in monkey
  • L amygdala lesion
  • monkey develops fear when see researcher ipsilateral to the lesion
  • see with R eye -> L brain hemisphere -> no amygdala -> TAME
  • see with L eye -> R brain hemisphere -> amygdala -> SCARED/AGRESSIVE
25
Q

Urbach-Wiethe syndrome

A

Amygdala organizes somatic (voluntary) expression of emotion

  • Calcium deposits damage amygdala
  • cannot recognize fear in human faces
  • problems with decision-making
  • normal memory, language, intelligence; normal sensory and motor systems
26
Q

Fear conditioning

A
  • type of classical conditioning
  • neutral stimulus + aversive stimulus
  • Auditory -> medial genuculate nucleus -> amygdala + auditory cortex -> amygdala -> somatomotor and autonomic activity
  • ablation to amygdala makes unable to undergo fear conditioning, unable to repond to scaring stimuli, unable to express innate fear reactions
  • not damage storage of emotional memory but maybe EXPRESSION of emotion
27
Q

Klϋver-Bucy Syndrome

A

Damaged amygdala in humans produces affects of removal of amygdala in monkeys:

  • lose fear/agressiveness
  • no facial expression
  • examine things regardless of danger
  • eat everything
  • mate with everything
28
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • aggression
  • anterior and posterior hypothalamus (anterior connected to cerebral cortex)
  • inhibited by telencephalon
  • stimulating causes anger
  • cortex keeps in check, cortex removal -> sham rage, cortex removal + hypothalamus lesioned -> no rage
29
Q

Sham rage

A

anger without reason/stimulus caused by removal of hypothalamus

30
Q

Flynn experiments

A
  • sham rage in cats
  • stimulate medial hypothalamus -> affective aggression, lateral hypothalamus -> predatory aggression
31
Q

Cortical areas in emotional processing

A
  • Frontal cortex
  • Cingulate cortex
  • Parahippocampal cortex
32
Q

Lobotomy

A

Lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex reduce the normal aggressiveness and emotional responsiveness

33
Q

History of lobotomy

A
  • Burckhardt= frontal lobe removal (patients dead or altered)
  • Moniz= prefrontal leucotomy (drilled holes and used alcohol/wire loop to destroy frontal) NOBEL PRIZE
  • Freeman/Watts= Freeman-Watts prefrontal lobotomy procedure (drill holes, operating room)
  • Freeman= transorbital lobotomy (ice pick through eye socket under ECS, scramble frontal)
34
Q

Walter Freeman

A
  • American neurologist/psychiatrist
  • performed first prefrontal leucotomy in US
  • created transorbital lobotomy to travel/operate on patients without expenses
  • ECS to induce anesthesia
  • performed on children, people without problems
  • calmer, tame patients
  • lots of complications
  • banned after first antipsychotic drugs
35
Q

Aprosody

A
  • lack of variation in tone
  • caused by damage to right hemisphere, which governs emotional context of speech
36
Q

Lateralization of emotions

A

emotional valence lateralized

  • L hemisphere -> positive emotions
  • R hemisphere -> negative emotions
  • asymmetric smiles= left-faced
  • guide approach/avoidance
  • approach with right hand, so L hemisphere positive
37
Q

Positive emotions studies

A
  • positive/negative felt with different subcortical/cortical for happiness/anger under PET
38
Q

The brain in love

A

pleasure increases, control decreases

similar activation when communicate with God

evolutionary advantage in child-rearing, since walk on two feet and long development

Pictures of lovers v. friends activate

  • caudate nucleus= reward system center, pleasure
  • VTA= chemical high, produces dopamine and norepinephrine

Neurotransmitters involved:

  • INCREASE -> dopamine and norepinephrine -> attention, pleasure, motivation, energy
  • DECREASE -> serotonin ->controlled, deliberate thought; reduced to comparable with OCD
  • Additional -> oxytocin -> attachment formation; facilitate pleasure during attachment, desire to cuddle, increased in prairie voles (monogamy, pups bond)
39
Q

New relationship energy (NRE)

A

chemical high in early relationship, dopamine and norepinephrine from VTA, some people become addicted

40
Q

Animal emotion

A
  • similar like/dislike expressions in mice/monkeys/humans (sweet/bitter)
  • caring
  • empathy
  • revenge
41
Q

Empathy

A

the capacity to recognize and, to some extent, share feelings (such as sadness or happiness) that are being experienced by another sentient or semi-sentient being

42
Q

Pro-social behaviors

A
  • monkeys tested, given selfish or pro-social(both) reward options
  • depended on kinship and visual cues:
  • more prosocial if kin or familar, less if stranger
  • much, much less if partner could not see them
43
Q

Hyperalgesia in mice

A
  • hyperalgesia= increased sensitivity to pain
  • mice tested for hyperalgesia in presence in another mouse in pain
  • decrease in pain threshold when known mouse for longer
  • dependent on visual cues
44
Q

Polygraph

A
  • lie detector
  • shows respiration, heart rate, skin conductance
  • 1/3 false neagtive and 1/4 false positive
  • A variety of nonverbal cues, especially microexpressions, are associated with deception, but no single nonverbal cue indicates that someone is lying
45
Q

Emotions on cognitive processes

A
  • stong emotions influence memory
  • affect how we perceive, what we remember

Psych 110 (3 decks)

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