Emotion-Chp15Lec Flashcards
Emotion
A class of subjective feelings created by stimuli that have high significance to an individual
- rapid-automatic
- arousal high from stimulus -> stronger feelings
- natural selection created to benefit survival and reproduction
Functions of emotion
- trigger motivated behaviors
- helps set goals and are goals in themsleves
- important for rational decision-making and purposeful behavior
Components of emotional state
- emotions= bodily states
- feelings= conscious sensations
mediated by different neuronal circuits
Animal v. Social emotions
Animal emotions:
- innate, hardwired
- rapid
- fight-or-flight
- Darwin
- e.g. fear anger disgust surprise sadness happiness
Social emotions:
- complex
- nuanced
- processed in the brain, not automatic
- Damasio
- e.g. regret, longing, jealousy
Subjective difference in emotion
- Intensity (varies greatly by person)
- Experience (same bewteen sexes)
- Expression (women more than men)
Folk Psychology
Autonomic responses are caused by emotion
- stimulus -> perception -> emotion -> autonomic arousal
James-lange theory
Emotions we feel are caused by bodily changes, and they differ because they aregenerated by different physiological responses
- Stimulus -> perception -> autonomic arousal -> emotion
Complication: many situations have same autonomic response
Cannon-Bard theory
The cerebral cortex simultaneously decides on the appropriate emotional experience and activates the autonomic nervous system to prepare the body for what is needed.
- Stimulus -> Perception -> autonomic arousal + emotion
Schachter theory
Schachter’s cognitive attribution model states there are physiological states of arousal, but what emotion we experience depends on cognitive systems that assess the context of the situation, emphasizing context.
- Stimulus-> perception of stimulus -> autonomic arousal + perception of context -> emotion
Schachter & Singer
Emotions depend on expectations and context.
Four groups:
- Placebo: given placebo and told no side affects
- Epinephrine informed: given epinephrine and told increased heart rate and sweating
- Epinephrine uninformed: given epinephrine and told no side affects
- Epinephrine misinformed: given epinephrine and told rash and itching
- each group assigned to either happy or angry person
- Epinephrine informed had no reaction and attributed heart rate to the drug, epinephrine uninformed experienced strong emotions and attributed heart rate to emotions
Current theory of emotions
- cognitive appraisal
- autonomic arousal
- behavioral expression
- sunjective experience
Universal facial expressions
- contempt
- anger
- sadness
- happiness
- fear
- embarassment
- disgust
- surprise
Cultural difference
- Western shows higher expression of negative emotions
- Non-western shows less negative emotions
- nonliterate shows less surprise
- all show around equal happiness
Cultural conditioning
Subtle cultural differences suggest that cultures prescribe rules for facial expression and they control and enforce those rules by cultural conditioning.
- situation -> facial affect program (motor program for cashfeds) -> culture-specific display rules -> expression
Superficial v. Deep facial muscles
Superficial facial muscles
- attached to facial skin
- innervated by the facial nerve
Deep facial muscles
- attached to skeletal structures in head
- innervated by motor branch of trigeminal nerve
Facial feedback hypothesis
- suggests that sensory feedback from our facial expressions can affect our mood
- manipulating facial expressions can alter mood
- impaired facial expressions may affect social interaction
- supports James-Lange theory
True smile
- discovered by Duchenne
- faradization= transcutaneous electrical stimulation of facial muscles
- muscles around eyes and zygomaticus major could not be contracted voluntarily
Pyramidal v. Duchenne smile
Pyramidal smile
- voluntary smile
- pyramidal system
- motor cortex and brain stem driven
- blocked by facial motor paresis
Duchenne smile
- true, emotional smile
- extrapyramidal system
- medial forebrain, hypothalamus, brainstem, reticular formation
- blocked by emotional motor paresis
can be seen in unilateral facial paralysis
Crying
- only animals that use as emotional expression are humans, mutation with
- neutral affect
- positive affect= communication, shed hormone
- negative affect= blur vision and add emotional confusion
Physical amygdala
central, medial, and basal-lateral groups
Amygdala Functions
- first assessment of emotional significance
- unfamilar stimuli-sensitive
- neural pathway bypasses cortex
- emotional center (pleasure/pain)
Fear experiments
- in a series of happy -> fearfyl face pictures, more likely to rate face as fearful
- amygdala and fusiform gyrus respond to bodily expressions of fear
- electrical stimulus of amygdala -> fear/apprehension
- damage -> tameness
- cannot be aware of 2 stimuli at once -> house + scared face in either eye, when asked to see house still feel scared/activate amygdala even when reported as not seen
- Downer
Downer experiment
- unilateral damage to amygdala, lesion corpus collosum, lesion optic chiasm
- in monkey
- L amygdala lesion
- monkey develops fear when see researcher ipsilateral to the lesion
- see with R eye -> L brain hemisphere -> no amygdala -> TAME
- see with L eye -> R brain hemisphere -> amygdala -> SCARED/AGRESSIVE
Urbach-Wiethe syndrome
Amygdala organizes somatic (voluntary) expression of emotion
- Calcium deposits damage amygdala
- cannot recognize fear in human faces
- problems with decision-making
- normal memory, language, intelligence; normal sensory and motor systems
Fear conditioning
- type of classical conditioning
- neutral stimulus + aversive stimulus
- Auditory -> medial genuculate nucleus -> amygdala + auditory cortex -> amygdala -> somatomotor and autonomic activity
- ablation to amygdala makes unable to undergo fear conditioning, unable to repond to scaring stimuli, unable to express innate fear reactions
- not damage storage of emotional memory but maybe EXPRESSION of emotion
Klϋver-Bucy Syndrome
Damaged amygdala in humans produces affects of removal of amygdala in monkeys:
- lose fear/agressiveness
- no facial expression
- examine things regardless of danger
- eat everything
- mate with everything
Hypothalamus
- aggression
- anterior and posterior hypothalamus (anterior connected to cerebral cortex)
- inhibited by telencephalon
- stimulating causes anger
- cortex keeps in check, cortex removal -> sham rage, cortex removal + hypothalamus lesioned -> no rage
Sham rage
anger without reason/stimulus caused by removal of hypothalamus
Flynn experiments
- sham rage in cats
- stimulate medial hypothalamus -> affective aggression, lateral hypothalamus -> predatory aggression
Cortical areas in emotional processing
- Frontal cortex
- Cingulate cortex
- Parahippocampal cortex
Lobotomy
Lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex reduce the normal aggressiveness and emotional responsiveness
History of lobotomy
- Burckhardt= frontal lobe removal (patients dead or altered)
- Moniz= prefrontal leucotomy (drilled holes and used alcohol/wire loop to destroy frontal) NOBEL PRIZE
- Freeman/Watts= Freeman-Watts prefrontal lobotomy procedure (drill holes, operating room)
- Freeman= transorbital lobotomy (ice pick through eye socket under ECS, scramble frontal)
Walter Freeman
- American neurologist/psychiatrist
- performed first prefrontal leucotomy in US
- created transorbital lobotomy to travel/operate on patients without expenses
- ECS to induce anesthesia
- performed on children, people without problems
- calmer, tame patients
- lots of complications
- banned after first antipsychotic drugs
Aprosody
- lack of variation in tone
- caused by damage to right hemisphere, which governs emotional context of speech
Lateralization of emotions
emotional valence lateralized
- L hemisphere -> positive emotions
- R hemisphere -> negative emotions
- asymmetric smiles= left-faced
- guide approach/avoidance
- approach with right hand, so L hemisphere positive
Positive emotions studies
- positive/negative felt with different subcortical/cortical for happiness/anger under PET
The brain in love
pleasure increases, control decreases
similar activation when communicate with God
evolutionary advantage in child-rearing, since walk on two feet and long development
Pictures of lovers v. friends activate
- caudate nucleus= reward system center, pleasure
- VTA= chemical high, produces dopamine and norepinephrine
Neurotransmitters involved:
- INCREASE -> dopamine and norepinephrine -> attention, pleasure, motivation, energy
- DECREASE -> serotonin ->controlled, deliberate thought; reduced to comparable with OCD
- Additional -> oxytocin -> attachment formation; facilitate pleasure during attachment, desire to cuddle, increased in prairie voles (monogamy, pups bond)
New relationship energy (NRE)
chemical high in early relationship, dopamine and norepinephrine from VTA, some people become addicted
Animal emotion
- similar like/dislike expressions in mice/monkeys/humans (sweet/bitter)
- caring
- empathy
- revenge
Empathy
the capacity to recognize and, to some extent, share feelings (such as sadness or happiness) that are being experienced by another sentient or semi-sentient being
Pro-social behaviors
- monkeys tested, given selfish or pro-social(both) reward options
- depended on kinship and visual cues:
- more prosocial if kin or familar, less if stranger
- much, much less if partner could not see them
Hyperalgesia in mice
- hyperalgesia= increased sensitivity to pain
- mice tested for hyperalgesia in presence in another mouse in pain
- decrease in pain threshold when known mouse for longer
- dependent on visual cues
Polygraph
- lie detector
- shows respiration, heart rate, skin conductance
- 1/3 false neagtive and 1/4 false positive
- A variety of nonverbal cues, especially microexpressions, are associated with deception, but no single nonverbal cue indicates that someone is lying
Emotions on cognitive processes
- stong emotions influence memory
- affect how we perceive, what we remember
