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Psych 110 > Attention-Chp18Lec > Flashcards

Attention-Chp18Lec Flashcards

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1
Q

Attention

A

or selective attention—is the process of selecting or focusing on one or more stimuli for enhanced processing and analysis.

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2
Q

Arousal

A

is the global level of alertness in an individual. This would enhance processing and analysis of ALL stimuli, without preferences.

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3
Q

Forms of attention

A
  • Overt attention= the focus coincides with the sensory orientation.
  • covert attention= focus is independent of sensory orientation
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4
Q

Cocktail party affect

A

selectively enhanced attention to filter out distracting stimuli. (And this effect is made worse by alcohol consumption!)

if two stimuli in each ear, cannot recall any in nonattended ear

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5
Q

Dichotic presentation

A

simultaneous delivery of different stimuli to both ears at the same time.

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6
Q

Shadowing

A

In dichotic presentation, shadowing is the task requiring the participant to focus and repeat the stimulus from one ear

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7
Q

Innattentional blindness

A

Inability to perceive stimuli when focused on one set of stimuli

gorilla in a passing game

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8
Q

Divided attention tasks

A

subjects are asked to process two or more simultaneous stimuli.
These tasks show that attention is a limited resource.

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9
Q

Attentional spotlight

A

part of environment highlighted for enhanced processing of stimuli, constatly shifting

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10
Q

Models of attentional bottleneck

A

Early-selection model

  • higher-order cognitive processes can exclude nonattented stimuli before processing
  • stimuli -> sensory registration -> Attentional Bottelneck -> perceptual analysis -> awareness
  • some unattendted stimuli can be processed (name)

late-selection model

  • bottleneck occurs later after some processing has occured
  • stimuli -> sensory registration -> perceptual analysis -> Attentional Bottelneck -> awareness
  • supported by Stroop task

combo models

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11
Q

Stroop task

A
  • read a written color with a font of a different color, very hard
  • information as it comes in has some meaning even before filtering
  • irrelevant information interferes with target stimuli at a semantic level
  • accurate attention must involve late attentional selection
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12
Q

Perceptual load

A
  • immediate processing challenge presented by a stimulus.
  • attention creates balance between early and late selection according to task difficulty
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13
Q

Endogeneous v. Exogeneous attention

A

Endogeneous attention

  • voluntary
  • from within
  • top-down
  • slower, but maintained

Exogeneous attention

  • reflexive
  • stimuli grabs attention
  • bottom-up
  • rapid, fades quickly

both work together and coordinate to analyze surroundings

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14
Q

Symbolic cuing task

A
  • An endogenous attention task in which each trial is pre-ceeded by a symbol that cues the location where the stimulus will appear.
  • may be valid or invalid cues
  • reaction time averaged and compared with neutral cues (no location information)
  • Subjects quickly learn to use the cues to predict stimulus location, shifting their attention in the cued direction, without shifting their gaze, in anticipation of the appearance of the target stimulus.
  • INVALID > NEUTRAL > VALID for reaction time
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15
Q

Peripheral spatial cuing task

A
  • precedes target stimulus with irrelevant stimulus in same location as one of traget stimulus options with a delay
  • measures latency to detect visual stimulus
  • valid exogeneous cues decrease reaction timeif short delay
  • valid exogeneous cues increase reaction time if long delay
  • reaction time=stimuli processing
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16
Q

Inhibition of return

A

reluctance of attention to move to a location it has just visited, especially after a delay

causes a valid exogeneous cue to actually increase reaction time on a peripheral spatial cuing task when a long delay has occured

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17
Q

Types of visual search

A
  • feature search= search in which target pops out right away due to unique attribute
  • conjunction search= search based on two or more features which distinguish the target

feauture search reaction time unaffected by number of other items, but conjunction search reaction time directly proportional to number of other items

18
Q

Feature integration theory

A

conjunction searches use attentional shifts to coordinate feature maps (overlapping maps of the searched array, with each map focused on one particular stimulus attribute like color, shape, etc.).

19
Q

ERPs on attention

A

Auditory

  • Comparison of the representation of sounds on each ear with whether the subject attended to them or not
  • peaks that appear are due to attention, or else would average out
  • 5 peaks: P1,P2,P3,N1,N2
  • N1 effect
  • 20-50: quick, subconscious component
  • P3 (300ms): reflect higher processing, impaired in schizopjrenia

Visual

  • cued visual attention test
  • valid or invalid
  • for valid, change in uV greater in occipital input
  • P1 effect= positive deflection at 70-100ms; enhanced for attended visual, spatial input
20
Q

ERPs on peripheral spatial cuing task

A

scalp electrode on contralateral visual cortex

  • short delay=P1 enhanced for valid trials
  • long delay= P1 reduced/inverts for valid trials, actually greater in invalid trials
21
Q

Attention on cells

A
  1. enhance/suppress reponse (height of tuning curve)
  2. sharpen tuning of cortical nerves to specific stimuli (width of tuning curve)
  3. tuning shifts to favor different stimulus (shift of tuning curve)

orientation selective depends on attention, great attention means greater response

increase in neural activity in contralateral visual cortex when attention

22
Q

Attention and receptive fields

A

Can see affects of shift in attention on a single (V1/V4?) cell

  • monkey stares at fixation point, can see in addition an ineffective and an effective stimulus for the V4 neuron within the V4 neuron’s receptive field for a period of time,
  • when attention shifts to ineffective stimulus neuron’s response suppressed

evidence for attention neurons

  • monitored signle neuron in posterior parietal cortex
  • increased firing when attended target
  • more juice -> more attention and more firing

attention can tune the receptive field of extrastriate visual neurons

  • can shift peak sensitivity within a receptive field (change where sensitive)
  • can cause size of receptive field to shrink (decrease width to sharpen)
23
Q

Superior colliculus

A
  • in dorsal midbrain
  • guides attentional eye movements
24
Q

Pulvinar

A
  • in posterior thalamus
  • involved in visual processing, orienting/shifting attention, and attentional filtering of stimuli
25
Q

Intraparietal sulcus (IPS)

A
  • cortical region
  • involved in top-down control of attention
  • encodes a salience map (priority map) controlling voluntary movement of attention
  • monkay analog called lateral intraparietal area (LIP)
26
Q

Frontal eye field (FEF)

A
  • cortical region
  • establishes gaze in accordance with top-down processes (cognitive goals) instead of characteristics of stimuli
27
Q

Tempoparietal junction (TPJ)

A
  • cortical region
  • helps shift attention to a new location after target onset
28
Q

Higher-order attention mechanism networks

A

Dorsal frontoparietal

  • top-down attentional processing
  • activates different regions
  • patterns of activation specific during different phases of task
  1. attentional control: dorsolateral frontal, superior temporal, posterior cingulate, medila frontal
  2. target processing: pre and postcentral gyrus, ventrolateral frontal, SMA/cingulate, visual cortex

Right temporoparietal

  • bottom-up control
  • involved in shifts of exogeneous attention
  • more active with novel/unexpected stimulus
  1. intraparietal sulcus (IPS), temporoparietal junction (TPJ)
29
Q

Intercative model of endogeneous/exogeneous systems

A

Dorsal stream

  • endogeneous attention
  • modulates visual areas and streers attention
  • frontal eye field (FEF), intraparietal sulcus/ superior parietal nobule (IPS/SPN)

Ventral system

  • exogeneous attention
  • draws attention to novel stimuli, can interrupt
  • ventral frontal cortex (VFC), temporoparietal junction
30
Q

Neglect syndrome

A
  • caused by damage to parietal association cortices
  1. R hemisphere -> attention to L/R sides of body/extrapersonal space
  2. L hemisphere -> attention to R only (to make room for language)
  • can be SPATIAL (area contralateral to lesion, usually right parietal cortex)
  • can be PERSONAL (does not dress/groom left side of body)

R lesion -> severe left neglect

L lesion -> minimal right neglect

Partial bilateral lesion -> severe right neglect

31
Q

Aprosodia

A

Inability to appreciate other’s emotion and inability to express emotion (expressive and receptive aprosodia)

  • caused by lesion of R parietal association cortex
  • can still experience emotion (limbic system)
  • expressive aprosodia: no inflection to voice, facial expression do not match
  • receptive aprosodia: does not understand other’s emotions, does not undertsand subtle or slapstick jokes, misunderstands intentions (sarcasm)
32
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A
  • lateral, medial, ventral, and dorsal
  • enlarged PFC in humans, enlarged parietal cortec in dolphins/whales
  • satisfy long-term goals by resisting immediate biological drives
  1. DLPFC -> impulse control, planning, waiting
  2. VLPFC -> encoding the value of reward
  • frontal lobe injuries cause loss of regulation of drives
  1. DLPFC damage -> dysexecutive
  2. OFPFC damage -> disinhibited
  3. MFPFC damage -> apathetic
33
Q

Wisconsin card sorting task (WCS)

A
  • task-switching= adpating to new rules
  • WCS measures flexibility in problem-solving, ability to task-switch
  • can sort by color, number, or shape
  • activate areas for executive tasks in frontal and parietal lobes
  • frontal damage causes large increase in time to solve after rule reversal
34
Q

DLPFC

A
  • activated when inhibit a potentiated response
  • activated during delayed response task
  • recorded at principal sulcus
  • involved in explicit problem-solving
    *
35
Q

VMPFC

A

encodes the value a subject assigns to a stimulus

36
Q

Executive control

A

This is based on the idea that control processes are important for overcoming behaviors that would otherwise be carried out more or less automatically.

  • inhibition -> suppression of an automatic behavior
  • task switching -> engaging in new behaviors
  • simulating behavioral choices

activity drops with practice

tip of the tongue, high in: middle frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, middle temporal cortex, inferior frontal cortex (all right)

37
Q

Problem-solving

A

• Problem Solving could be separated into three steps:
• Initial state Starting state
• Goal state What one wants to achieve
• The steps that the problem solver takes to transfor the
initial state into the goal state

38
Q

Towers of hanoi

A
  • move the rings to a goal
  • used to examine explicit problem-solving
  • DLPFC activated
39
Q

Cingulate cortex (ACC)

A
  • task conflict errors -> high activity during problem solving
    *
40
Q

Neuroeconomics

A

Studies how the brain interacts with the environment to produce economic behavior

  • people often choose more certain good and less certain bad, even if the same
  • wording matters, Prospect theory
  • people more likely to choose default option
  • influenced by context, if frivolous otion paired then more likely to choose good option
  • decisions controlled by the person who made the survey
41
Q

Prospect theory

A

Wording matters

Sure right or unsure wrong seen as better options even when are the same

Psych 110 (3 decks)

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