Emotion (Ch 11)

Question 1

Types of affect

Answer 1

-term affect refers to a variety of emotional phenomena, including emotions, moods, and affective traits

Question 2

Emotions

Answer 2

-briefs, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a meaningful situation in the persons environment

Question 3

Moods

Answer 3

• transient changes in affect that fluctuate throughout the day or over several days
• experience moods physiologically and psychologically
• last longer that emotions

Question 4

Affective traits

Answer 4

• enduring aspects of our personalities that set the threshold for the occurrence of particular emotional states
• someone with the affective trait of hostility may react differently to being cut off in traffic than another individual

Question 5

Basic emotions

Answer 5

• anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise
• reflect fundamental emotionally state that play a role in essential life tasks such as protecting one self and their loved ones from harm (fear) etc
• not single states, but rather groups of related emotions

Question 6

Self-conscious emotions

Answer 6

• emotions that occur as a function of how well we live up to our expectations, the expectations of others, or the rules set by society
• include: shame, guilt, humiliation, embarrassment, and pride
• pride expression is universally recognized

Question 7

Emotions and evolution

Answer 7

• evolved because they solved a particular problem in our ancestral past and contribute to reproductive success
• view of emotions as organized responses illustrates the adaptive value of negative emotions which enable people to respond efficiently to a significant challenge or obstacle

Question 8

Broaden and build model

Answer 8

• positive emotions widen our cognitive perspective, making our thinking more expansive and enabling the acquisition of new skills
• help us to see the possibilities for new ways of responding to situations, which helps us build new skills
• studies show that positive emotions broaden ones focus
• when people are in positive moods they perform poorly on tasks of selective attention, but perform better on tasks that require broader attentional focus

Question 9

Antecedent event

Answer 9

• a situation that may lead to an emotional response

- emotional response produces changes in physiology, behaviour and expressions, and subjective experience of the event

Question 10

Appraisal

Answer 10

• an evaluation not a situation with respect to how relevant is it to one’s own welfare
• not always conscious

Question 11

Emotion regulation

Answer 11

• cognitive and behavioural efforts people use to modify their emotions
• an example of emotion regulation that can occur early is reappraisal
• another kind is expressive suppression

Question 12

Reappraisal

Answer 12

• when people re-evaluate their views of an event so that a different emotion results
• type of emotion regulation

Question 13

Expressive-suppression

Answer 13

• another kind of emotion regulation
• when people want an unpleasant feeling to go away
• the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward display of an emotion

Question 14

Emotional response

Answer 14

• emerge from events appraised as relevant to one’s safety or personal goals
• include physiological, behavioural, and subjective changes

Question 15

Physiological changes

Answer 15

• eg. Increased heart rate etc
• autonomic nervous system responsible for changes
• sympathetic activity activated for survival and protection
• positive emotions engage parasympathetic branch creating

Question 16

Behavioural expressive changes

Answer 16

• emotions create expressive changes in the face and voice as well as behavioural tendencies toward particular types of action
• shops through facial and vocal intonation

Question 17

Facial action coding system (FACS)

Answer 17

-coders score all observable muscular movements in the face

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Question 18

Duchenne Smiles

Answer 18

• a smile that pulls up the lip corners diagonally and contracts the band of muscles that circles the eyes
• a genuine smile that expresses true enjoyment

Question 19

Voice and emotion

Answer 19

-voice is very sensitive to emotional fluctuations because vocal chords are innervated by the autonomic nervous system

Question 20

Subject experience of emotion

Answer 20

• the quality of our conscious experience during an emotional response
• subjective aspect of emotion draws on a persons experience of body changes as well as effects of emotion as have on cognition

Question 21

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 21

• says that it is our perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that creates the subjective emotional experiences
• happiness: feeling warm/heart beat increase
• anger: heart beat faster/ feeling hot/ breathing changes
• sadness: lump in throat/feeling cold/breathing changes
• disgust: stomach sensations/goose flesh
• surprise: hear beat faster/feeling hot/breathing changes
• fear: heart beat faster/weak knees/ breathing changes

Question 22

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 22

• suggests that the subjective experience of emotion as well as the physiological changes in the body are parallel processes, mediated by two distinct neuronal pathways
• incoming sensory signals from emotional stimuli travel to thalamus and then relayed through descending pathways to body to regulate physiological changes, and through ascending cortical pathways to control subjective experience

Question 23

Two-factory theory of emotion

Answer 23

• states that our conscious experience is determined by both an awareness of bodily arousal pared with a cognitive appraisal of the situation
• make a decision about which emotion we are experiencing based on the explanation that best fits the circumstances

Question 24

Amygdala

Answer 24

• involved in appraisal of emotional significance of stimuli
• specialized function for noticing fear-relevant information
• people with damaged amygdalas have trouble recognizing untrustworthy faces and expressions of fear

Question 25

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 25

• one of the more active regions in the brain in the experience of appraisal of emotions
• damage to left prefrontal cortex results in depression

Question 26

Anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 26

• active when people either recall or imagine emotional experiences
• active in physical and emotional pain

Question 27

Hypothalamus

Answer 27

-pleasure/reward centre

Question 28

Insula

Answer 28

• most involved in interoception or the perception of sensations arising within the body
• active during experience of pain and empathy for another’s pain
• insular activity reduced when women attempt to regulate their disgust with reappraisal

Question 29

Gender and emotion

Answer 29

• women tend to talk about emotions more than men
• sexes differ most in:
  
  • description of emotional experience
  • frequency of smiling