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PSY1005S - Test 2 > Emotion and Motivation > Flashcards

Emotion and Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it important to study emotion and motivation?

A

It is useful for understanding what causes a person to have motivation and what happens when a person loses their motivation.

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2
Q

What functions does motivation have?

A

Motivation plays a large role in survival and understanding daily function.

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3
Q

What is motivation?

A

A process that influences the direction, persistence and vigour of goal-directed behaviour comprised of physical or psychological needs to sustain an action.

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4
Q

How can motivation be explained?

A

Motivation can be explained biologically through homeostasis & drives, psychologically or environmentally.

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5
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis describes biological self-regulating processes used to main stability. It is a state of internal equilibrium that the body strives to maintain.

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6
Q

What are emotions?

A

Evolved systems that influence important decisions.

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7
Q

Which two systems respond to behaviour?

A

The behavioural activation system (BAS) and the behavioural inhibition system (BIS).

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8
Q

What is the behavioural activation system?

A

The system that responds to behaviour that is rewarded.

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9
Q

What is the behavioural inhibition system?

A

The system of behaviour that is prompted by feelings of fear, or the anticipation of a negative outcome.

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of conflict?

A

Avoidance approach conflict, approach-approach conflict and avoidance-avoidance conflict.

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11
Q

When does avoidance-approach conflict occur?

A

This occurs when one option is appealing and the other is not.

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12
Q

When does approach-approach conflict occur?

A

This occurs when both outcomes are equally appealing.

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13
Q

When does avoidance-avoidance conflict occur?

A

This occurs when both outcomes are undesirable or painful.

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14
Q

Describe the psychodynamic view

A

The psychodynamic approach looks at how unconscious motives can affect the way we may behave. The idea of motives are used to emphasise self-esteem and social-belonging.

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15
Q

Describe extrinsic motivation

A

Extrinsic motivation occurs when a person performs an action because they are aware that it may have a positive outcome.

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16
Q

Where does extrinsic motivation come from?

A

It usually comes from an external source.

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17
Q

Give an example of extrinsic motivation

A

A teacher may decide to give a child a sticker for doing well on a test, or a boss may choose to promote an employee for their progress in work.

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18
Q

Describe intrinsic motivation

A

Intrinsic motivation relates to the performance of an action because it may provide internal satisfaction to a person.

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19
Q

Where does intrinsic motivation stem from?

A

Internal processes, such as desire, curiosity or the pleasure of wanting to master a skill.

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20
Q

Give an example of intrinsic motivation.

A

Practicing a hobby.

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21
Q

What is instinct?

A

It is an inherited characteristic common to all members of a species that automatically produces a response when exposed to a stimulus.

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22
Q

Describe arousal

A

Arousal occurs when a person has reached an optimal level of tension.

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23
Q

What is incentive?

A

Objects that attract a person into performing an action.

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24
Q

Explain drive reduction theory

A

Drive reduction theory focuses on the connection between an internal psychological state of need or drive and the outward effect that it has on behaviour.

25
Q

What is a primary drive?

A

Primary drives describe the drives necessary for survival in the body.

26
Q

What is a secondary (acquired) drive?

A

Drives learnt through experience or conditioning.

27
Q

Describe McClelland’s theory of motivation

A

McClelland’s theory of motivation focused on 3 psychological needs, affiliation, power and achievement.

28
Q

Explain the need for affiliation

A

McClelland believed that people were motivated by their need for affiliation which is best described as the need for friendly and social interactions or relationships with others.

29
Q

Explain the need for power?

A

People’s need for power by having control over other people served as motivation.

30
Q

Explain the need for achievement

A

A person’s sense of achievement that is acquired through their desire to succeed in attaining their goals was also used for motivational purposes.

31
Q

What was Abraham Maslow’s approach?

A

Abraham Maslow believed that people were motivated by their urge for personal growth which formed a part of the humanistic approach.

32
Q

What is personal growth?

A

Personal growth can be understood in terms of hierarchy and Maslow believed that a person needed to achieve various levels before being able to achieve their highest potential, known as self-actualisation.

33
Q

Explain self-actualisation

A

Self-actualisation is best described as the need to fulfil full potential. When a person has peak experiences, it will occur when they have achieved self-actualisation.

34
Q

What are the limitations of Maslow’s theory?

A

A flaw of Maslow’s pyramid is that is it based on studies that were conducted in America, therefore it may not be seen as accurate to other areas of the world. In some cultures the order of needs doesn’t coincide with Maslow’s ideas. There is also a belief that some of the lower levels aren’t as important and can be skipped.

35
Q

Explain the self-determination theory

A

This theoretical approach focuses on 3 inborn and universal needs, meaning that all people need those needs to be satisfied. These include the need for autonomy, the need for competence and the need for relatedness.

36
Q

Explain the need for autonomy

A

A person’s need to be in control of their own behaviour and goals, rather than being controlled by external forces.

37
Q

Explain the need for competence

A

A person’s ability to master tasks that they may find challenging in their lives.

38
Q

Explain the need for relatedness

A

A person’s ability feel like they belong.

39
Q

What are the benefits of satisfying these needs?

A

Satisfying these needs can be beneficial for fostering healthy psychological growth which ultimately increases intrinsic motivation.

40
Q

What are the reasons for eating?

A

Eating occurs for many reasons, there are physiological, social and psychological explanations for why people decide to eat.

41
Q

Describe the physiological components of hunger

A

When a person experiences hunger their stomach will contract which sends out hormones which signal that it necessary for a person to eat. The hormones that are secreted include insulin and glucagon which are secreted by the pancreas. When a person has reached the point of being full a different hormone, known as Leptin is released which causes a decrease in appetite.

42
Q

Describe the social and psychological components of hunger

A

Hunger and eating patterns can be triggered for reasons such as the prompt of social cues, classical conditioning which involves a person’s body being conditioned to a certain response or the positive reinforcement of good taste and the negative reinforcement of hunger.

43
Q

What is obesity?

A

Obesity is a condition in which the body weight of a person is 20% over the weight of their ideal height. Obesity can be hereditary which is often explained biologically.

44
Q

What are some explanations for the occurrence of obesity within South Africa?

A

Overeating can occurs more frequently with foods that are readily available. Obesity in South Africa has become a growing problem because of the Westernised eating patterns that our population is developing.

45
Q

Explain the components of emotion

A
  • Reactions to stimulus
  • Cognitive evaluations
  • Subject to change
  • Autonomic and neural activation
  • Drive to action
  • Behavioural outputs
46
Q

What are the physiological components of emotion?

A

Markers such as changes in heart rate, pupil dilation, changes in body heat and facial experiences can indicate emotion.

47
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in the emotion of fear?

A

The amygdala is used to control responses to fear.

48
Q

What model can be used to explain how the amygdala responds to fear?

A

LeDoux’s Low and High road model.

49
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in the emotion of disgust?

A

The basal ganglia.

50
Q

What is a disease that causes damage to the basal ganglia?

A

Huntingdon’s disease specifically attacks the basal ganglia leading to impairments in processing disgust.

51
Q

What is misattribution of arousal?

A

Misattribution of arousal is the process whereby people make a mistake in assuming what is causing them to feel aroused.

52
Q

What was Charles Darwin’s theory of emotion?

A

Darwin believed that facial expressions evolved from those of animals, therefore they are innate.

53
Q

What were James and Lange’s theory of emotion?

A

This theory believes that physiological activity comes before the emotional experience.

54
Q

What was the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A

This theory believed that separating (severing) the brain from the body did not cause impairment in the emotional behaviours of animals. The physiological responses were also seen as too slow to trigger sudden emotions and not strong enough to evoke different emotions.

55
Q

Who came up with two-factor theory?

A

Schachter and Singer’s theory believed that physiology and cognition create our emotions. Emotions have two factors physical arousal and a cognitive label.

56
Q

What was the cognitive-mediational theory?

A

Lazarus proposed that cognitive appraisal is used for mediating purposes by coming between the stimulus and the emotional response to that stimulus. Appraisal of the situation came before both the physical arousal and experience of the emotion.

57
Q

What is appraisal?

A

It is the act of assessing something or someone.

58
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

Facial feedback can cause or intensify an emotion. A facial expression can provide feedback to the brain which can prompt and amplify a certain emotion.

59
Q

What are the 3 broad categories used to understand emotion?

A

Physiological, behavioural and cognitive elements.

PSY1005S - Test 2 (4 decks)

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