emotion and motivation

Question 1

anorexigenic areas and substances of hypothalamus (5)

Answer 1

ventromedial nucleus
paraventricular nucleus

arcuate nucleus = POMC, aMSH, CART

Question 2

orexigenic areas + substances of hypothalamus (2 areas, 4 substances)

Answer 2

lateral hypothalamus = orexin, MCH

arcuate nucleus (also anorexigenic) = NPY, AgRP

Question 3

parasympathetic and sympathetic NS - which is orexigenic and anorexigenic

Answer 3

parasympathetic = orexigenic (rest and digest)
sympathetic = anorexigenic (fight or flight)

Question 4

anorexigenic brain areas (not in hypothalamus) (2 + 2 substances from one)

Answer 4

solitary nucleus (brainstem)
pituitary gland = TSH, ACTH

Question 5

anorexigenic substances (6)

Answer 5

blood glucose –> insulin
body fat –> leptin
GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide) –> insulin
nutrients in intestines –> CCK and GLP-1

Question 6

amygdala function

Answer 6

fear conditioning and learnt fear (classical conditioning)

Question 7

brain areas involved in aggression

Answer 7

cerebral cortex –> amygdala –> hypothalamus –> PAG, ventral tegmental area –> aggressive behaviour

medial hypothalamus = affective aggression
lateral hypothalamus = predatory aggression

demonstrated by stimulating ventromedial hypothalamus (ventrolateral subdivision - VMHvl) in mice causing them to attack inanimate objects

Question 8

dopamine and reward prediction error

Answer 8

DA levels high when unpredicted reward occurs
DA levels also high when predict a reward but it doesn’t occur - no dopamine at moment it is predicted though (drops)

Question 9

dopamine rewards - wanting vs liking

Answer 9

rats with destroyed mesolimbic dopaminergic projections still enjoy tasty food but lack motivation to seek food
therefore idea that dopamine drives wanting/motivation, not pleasure

Question 10

somatic marker hypothesis

Answer 10

embodied decision-making - emotions as gut feelings
experiment- gambling
lesions to orbitofrontal cortex (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) makes participants not show anticipatory stress – still show stress when they get a penalty

Question 11

emotion theory - common sense/folk

Answer 11

sense –> emotion –> reaction

Question 12

emotion theory - James-Lange (1880s)

Answer 12

sense –> reaction –> emotion

Question 13

emotion theory - Cannon-Bard (1920s)

Answer 13

sense –> emotion and reaction simultaneously
thalamus signals to neocortex for emotion and to the hypothalamus for physiological reaction

Question 14

emotion theory - Singer-Schachter

Answer 14

sense –> physiological reaction
sense and physiological reaction –> cognitive interpretation –> emotional experience

Question 15

emotion theory - constructivist

Answer 15

same as Singer-Schachter but with added culture and experience into cognitive interpretation