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Neuroscience (own deck) > Emotion and Motivation > Flashcards

Emotion and Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

how is behaviour influenced by internal states?

A
  • internal states modulate how sensory input leads to behaviour
  • sensory input modifies internal states
  • internal states can directly effect behaviour, without sensory input
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2
Q

what are the 4 F’s?

A
  • feeding
  • fighting
  • fleeing
  • fucking (mating)
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3
Q

what is the general structure of all basic homeostatic systems?

A
  • based on negative feedback

- energy is being controlled and sensors detect energy levels

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4
Q

which area of the hypothalamus is orexigenic/linked to hunger?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

- electrode stimulates lateral section, causes organism to eat

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5
Q

which area of the hypothalamus is anorexigenic/linked to satiety?

A

Ventromedial nucleus

- electode stimulates this section, causes animal to stop eating

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6
Q

what 2 peptide hormones does the lateral hypothalamus release to stimulate eating behaviour?

A
  1. orexin

2. MCH (melanin-concentrating hormone)

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7
Q

what is leptin?

A
  • an anorexigenic hormone produced by fat that inhibits hunger behaviour to reduce production of more fat
  • negative feedback loop: lots of body fat produces more leptin, which decreases hunger so organism eats less
  • leptin increases metabolic rate so organism burns more energy to decrease body fat
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8
Q

what are ob/ob mutant mice?

A
  • mice which lack leptin
  • they become obese
  • if an ob/ob mouse’s bloodstream is linked to the bloodstream of a normal mouse, the ob/ob mouse becomes thin again
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9
Q

where does leptin act?

A

on the arcuate nucleus

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10
Q

what is the action of leptin?

A
  • activates POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin), a-MSH and CART which inhibits lateral hypothalamus so decreases hunger
  • inhibits neuropeptide Y (NPY) and AgRP which usually promotes the lateral hypothalamus to increase hunger

overall, leptin inhibits eating

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11
Q

how does leptin affect the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A
  • by activating POMC, leptin activates the sympathetic system to increase metabolic rate
  • by inhibiting NPY, leptin inhibits the parasympathetic systems, which would normally decrease metabolic rate

leptin overall increases metabolic rate

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12
Q

what is the paraventricular nucleus?

A
  • an anorexigenic area of the hypothalamus, activated by POMC, a-MSH and CART
  • it stimulates the pituitary gland to release TSH and ACTH to increase metabolic rate
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13
Q

what happens when there is high blood glucose level after eating?

A

insulin action on glucose receptors results in:

  • inhibition of hunger promoting centres (NPY and AgRP)
  • activation of satiety promoting centres (POMC, a-MSH, CART)
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14
Q

what happens when stomach centres detect lack of fullness?

A
  • empty stomach promotes secretion of hormone ghrelin which promotes hunger

when the stomach is full, it no longer releases ghrelin, so hunger is inhibited

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15
Q

what do the chemical receptors in the intestines detect?

A

they detect changes in nutrient concentrations

  • full stomach causes high conc of nutrients in intenstines
  • gut secretes CCK
  • enteric neurons detect CCK and send a signal via Vagus nerve to solitary nucleus in brainstem
  • solitary nucleus inhibits eating behaviour
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16
Q

what important role is the amygdala involved in?

A

fear:

  • when doing fMRI, amygdala is activated when viewing fearful faces
  • lesion in amygdala causes animals to show less fear
17
Q

how is the amygdala involved in fear-based learning?

A
  • electric shock paired with a sound causes animal to associate the shock with the sound
  • if just the sound is played, the animal will show fear
  • this fear no longer happens if the amygdala is removed
18
Q

what two brain areas are important in aggression

A
  1. amygdala

2. hypothalamus

19
Q

how is the amydala involved in aggression?

A
  • if the amydala is removed from a dominant monkey, that monkey falls to the bottom of the hierarchy
  • this is because they no longer show aggressive behaviours
20
Q

how is the hypothalamus involved in aggression?

A

medial hypothalamus -> affective aggression

lateral hypothalamus -> predatory aggression

experiment: electode planted in ventrolateral subdivision of ventromedial hypothalamus
- when stimulated rat displays aggressive behaviour

experiment 2: transgenic mouse with ion channel activated by light located in the ventromedial hypothalamus becomes aggressive when light is switched on

21
Q

how is dopamine involved in reward prediction error in the mesolimbic pathway?

A
  • brain tries to predict the future to guide behaviour
  • when something surprising happens, dopamine is released

experiment: monkey is rewarded with grape juice when light turns on
- monkey predicts he will get juice when light comes on
- dopaminergic neurons shift response from the reward itself to the light turning on (condition stimulus)
- APs are fired when they see the light turn on, rather than the actual reward

22
Q

how does dopamine drive wanting/motivation?

A
  • rats with destroyed mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons enjoy food, but lack motivation to seek food
  • dopamine signals for something you should be motivated by, not just for happiess
  • drug addiction is a disorder of motivation: motivation is for drugs rather than anything else
23
Q

how does the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (orbitofrontal cortex) control gut feelings?

A

experiment: Deck A is low risk low reward, deck B is high risk high reward
- subjects learn to avoid deck B and show a stress response when hovering over deck B
- there is a sympathetic activation when they reach for the risky deck, causing increased sweating as they are nervous

patients with orbitofrontal lesions don’t avoid deck B and don’t show anticipatory stress when hovering over

24
Q

what is the common sense ‘folk’ theory of how emotions are made?

A
  • sensory input leads to emotional experience which causes brain to trigger a physiological reaction
25
Q

what is the James-Lange theory on how emotions are made?

A
  • sensory input leads to a physiological reaction, which then triggers an emotional experience
26
Q

what is the Cannon-Bard theory of making emotions?

A
  • emotional experience arises from thalamus signaling to neocortex
  • physiological reaction arises from thalamus signalling to hypothalamus
27
Q

what is the Singer-Schachter theory of emotions being made?

A
  • an interaction between mental state and physiological reaction
  • physiological reaction is amiguous (increase in HR can be due to excitement or stress)
  • emotional experience is formed from a cognitive interpretation of the physiological reaction
28
Q

what is the constructivist theory in how emotions ar emade?

A
  • culture and experiences also play a part in emotional experiences

Neuroscience (own deck) (14 decks)

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