Emotion Flashcards
Everyday belief
Event > Emotional experience > Reaction
James-Lange (1890)
Event > Reaction > Emotional experience
Cannon (1927)
Event > Central Brain State (Thalamus) > Emotional Experience and Body Reaction together
Frameworks to study emotion
- Affect program (evolutionary)
- Socially constructed
- Perception of bodily change
- Result of cognitive appraisals
Emotion
A brief episode of coordinated brain, autonomic and behavioural changes that facilitate a response to an external or internal event of significance for the organism
Affective style
Relatively stable dispositions that bias an individual toward perceiving and responding to something with a particular emotional quality, emotional dimension or mood
Cognitive labelling theory
Emotions need
- High physiological arousal
- Emotional interpretation “label”
Two Factor Theory (Schachter & Singer, 1962)
- 2 factors: autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation
- Evaluation leads to emotions
Component process model (Scherer, 1984)
- Cognitive
- Neuro-physiological
- Motivational
- Expression
- Feeling
Objective measures
- Behavioral correlates (observation, facial expression)
- Physiological (e.g. skin conductance, heart rate)
- Neural correlates (e.g. EEG, ERP)
Subjective measures
- Subjective correlates (e.g. introspection, descriptive experiencing sampling)
- Questionnaires (e.g. differential emotions scales, positive and negative affect schedule)
Indirect measures
Cognitive correlates (e.g. RT, memory)
Wheel of emotions (Plutchik, 1980)
8 Basic:
- Joy
- Trust
- Fear
- Surprise
- Sadness
- Disgust
- Anger
- Anticipation
8 Secondary:
- Love
- Submission
- Awe
- Disappointment
- Remorse
- Contempt
- Aggressiveness
- Optimism
3D Circumplex Model (Plutchik, 1980)
Added intensities (e.g. annoyance, anger, rage)
Criteria for basic emotions (Ekman, 1992)
A. To distinguish between emotions
- Distinctive universal signals
- Distinctive physiology
- Universal antecedent events
- Dedicated neural circuits
B. To distinguish emotions from other affective phenomena
- Presence in other primates
- Coherence among response systems
- Quick onset
- Brief duration
- Automatic appraisal
- Unbidden occurrence
Evidence for emotional categories
- Distinctive universal signals
- Distinctive physiology
- Dedicated neural circuits
- Universal antecedent events
Wundt (1910) dimensions
- Pleasure-displeasure
- Arousal-calmness
- Exertion-catharsis
Russell (1991) dimensions
- Arousal
2. Valence
Evidence for emotional dimensions
- Subjective reports
- Physiological specificity
- Neural circuits
- Cognitive appraisals
Conceptual Act Model
Discrete emotions are an illusion created by a cognitive process of categorizing core affect
Cognitive appraisal theory (Lazarus, 1966/82)
“Cognitive appraisal underlies and is an integral feature of all emotional states”
Event > Appraisal <> Emotion
Emotions without awareness (Zajonc, 1980)
Second route without appraisal: pre-cognitive emotions
How does Izard solve Lazarus and Zajonc debate?
Distinguishing between emotion and emotion schema
- Emotion: coordinate response; doesn’t require prior appraisal
- Emotion schema: mental frameworks to help organize information and integrates emotion responses with cognitive appraisals
Stimulus Evaluation Checks (Scherer, 1984/86)
- Novelty
- Intrinsic pleasantness
- Goal/need significance
- Coping potential
- Compatibility standards
How cognitive processes influence emotions
- Emotion regulation
- Delay gratification
- Emotion as a social construct (display rules and feeling rules)
Emotions’ effect on perception
- Responses to masked stimulus
- Orientation discrimination and fear
- Semantic priming
- Time
- Steepness
Emotions’ effect on attention
- Fear leads to more localized perceptual style
- Anxious people attend to threatening stimuli more
Emotions’ effect on decision-making
- Somantic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio, 1999) “Hunches”
- Iowa Gambling Task
Emotions’ effect on judgment
- Happy: global, heuristics, stereotypes
- Sad: behavioural, attention to detail
- Broaden and build hypothesis
- Attraction and liking
- Affect as information
Emotions’ effect on learning and memory
- Mood-state-dependent memory: consistency between moods at encoding and retrieval
- Mood congruity: when content of story and mood are congruent one remembers better (encoding and retrieval)
- Network theory of affect (Bower, 1981): mood as knot in semantic network
Emotions and performance
- Yerkes-Dodson Law (1908): Need the right level of arousal or anxiety for optimal performance
Expressions of emotion
- Facial expression
- Vocal expression
- Verbal expression
- Body posture & gesture
Function of emotion expression
- Adaptive
- Communication
Ekman’s Neuro-Cultural Theory
Elicitors > Facial affect program > Mediation by display rules > End product
Fridlund’s Behavioral Ecology Theory
Considers private context and social context
Facial feedback hypothesis
- Feedback amplifies emotional intensity
- Supports James-Lange perspective
Journey of facial expression (Neuro)
- Amygdala
- Visual cortex
- Visual cortex
- Face-specific areas
- Face-specific areas
- Frontal cortex
How does affective style affect emotion perception?
Cognitie biases
How does affective style affect emotion production?
Change in responses
How does affective style affect emotion regulation?
Variation in magnitude
How does affective style affect emotion memory?
Selective remembering
Davidson (1998) reactivity theory
- Threshold differences
- Peak/ amplitude
- Risk time & recovery time
- Duration
Emotional regulation points
- Situation selection
- Situation modification
- Attentional deployment
- Cognitive change
- Response modification
Regulation: when it works
- Range of emotions “available”
- Optimal levels (experienced or expressed)
- Maintain psychological wellbeing
Dysregulation: when it doesn’t work
- Lack of emotional management
- Inability to accommodate current situations
- Emotional disorders
Great anterior cingulate cortex activation =
Better at reducing negative affect feelings
Temperament
Constitutionally based individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation, in the domain of affect, activity and attention
Kagan’s Model (1994): two dimensions for temperament
- Inhibited: shy, avoid unfamiliarity, distressed by unfamiliarity, subdued emotion
- Uninhibited: linked to secure attachment, sociable, approach unfamiliar things, spontaneous activity in unfamiliar situations, express positive emotions
Personality
Distinctive and characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour that define an individual’s personal style of interacting with the physical and social environment
Eysenck’s three factor model
- Neuroticism-Stability
- Extraversion-Introversion
- Ego control-Psychoticism
Reticulo-Cortical arousal
High: Introvert
Low: Extrovert
Reticulo-Limbic arousal
High: Neurotic
Low: Emotionally stable
Cloninger’s Psychobiological Model (1987)
Four temperaments:
- Novelty seeking
- Harm Avoidance
- Reward Dependance
- Persistence
Three personality types:
- Self-directness
- Co-operativeness
- Self-transcendence
Gray’s Behavioral Model (1982)
- Behavioral Inhibition System
- Behavioral Activation System
- Fight or flight system
Emotional labour
Management of feeling to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display; sold for a wage
Four ways of “faking”
- Exaggerate
- Minimize
- Counteract
- Camouflage
Consequences of emotional labour
- Resource intense therefore can lead to burn out
- Numbness and indifferences
- Exhaustion, tiredness, boredom
- Loss of self
- Decreased well-being
- Culture clashes (e.g. Russia and McDonalds)
- Destruction of natural and spontaneous emotional presents
- Morals? (e.g. for employees and customers)
OP/OB framework for organizational change
Specific change > Negative reaction > Consequences
New framework for organizational change
Add everyday events
Consequences of positive emotions in organizational change
- Increased engagement in work
- Reinforced social ties within team
- Increased altruism
- “Undo” negative emotions
Consequences of negative emotions in organizational change
- Withdrawal from organization
- Health issues
- Loss of trust in management
- Cynicism
Five basic modern fears
- Extinction
- Mutilation
- Separation
- Ego-death
- Loss of autonomy
Repercussions of perfectionism
- Grandiosity
- Short termism
- Narrow perspective
- Emphasis on product and reward
- Over identification
When fear is fun: why?
- Adrenaline
- Endorphins
- Release from other stressors (displacement and distraction)
- Sense of control or mastery
- Missing from our lives (less dangers that in the olden days)
Normal sadness
Malignant sadness; depression
Happiness
Mania
Fear
Phobias
Anger
Uncontrolled; BPD
Surprise
Anxiety/ hypervigilance
Disgust
OCD; body dysmorphia
Rational-Emotion Behavior Therapy (Ellis, 1958)
A. Activating event
B. Belief system (seen as an intervening causal factor)
C. Emotional and behavioural consequences
Systematic desensitization
For phobias
Exposure and ritual presentation (ERP)
For OCD
Emotionally-Focused Therapy (EFT)
Emotional:
- Awareness
- Regulation
- Reflection
- Transformation
Bridge study (Dutton & Aron, 1974)
Concluded that misattribution of arousal lead to heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety
Structure of emotion (Barrett & Wager, 2011)
Neurobiological evidence suggests that location correspondences for emotion categories are not consistent or specific
Emotion Elicitation Methods
- Visual stimuli (pictures, film clips, virtual reality)
- Auditory (music, acoustic sounds)
- Imagination/ memory/ hypnosis
- Performance feedback
- Social interaction/ confederates
Cognitive control of emotion (Ochsner & Gross, 2005)
- Attentional control (attended vs. unattended)
- Cognitive change (controlled generation; controlled regulation)
Emotion and cognition (Phelps, 2006)
- Emotional learning
- Emotion and memory
- Attention and perception
- Processing emotion in social stimuli
- Changing emotional responses
Universals and cultural differences in emotion recognition (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2003)
- Universality
- Ingroup advantage
- Dialect theory of emotion
Facial expressions or situation (Carroll & Russell, 1996)
Situational rather than facial information determined the judged emotion
Emotional intelligence (Mayer et al., 2008)
- Specific ability: discrete mental abilities that process emotional information
- Integrative model: mental abilities that combine skills from multiple EI areas
Mixed model: other diverse attributes not focused on emotion directly are included (e.g. flexibility)
Electrodermal Activity (EDA)
- Skin conductance
- Measured in microsiemens
Facial EMG
- Muscle activity
- Small electrodes
Affect in organizations (Barsade & Gibson, 2007)
Experiencing and expressing positive emotions and moods tend to enhance performance at individual, group and organizational levels but influence of negative affect is more complex
- Performance
- Creativity
- Turnover/ absence
- Prosocial behaviour
- Negotiation and conflict resolution
- Leadership
Affective biases (Denkova et al., 2012)
- Extraversion predicted recollection of positive AMs in men and women
- Neuroticism predicted the proportion of negative AMs in men and frequency of rehearsing negative AMs in women
- Reappraisal predicted positive AMs in men
- Suppression predicted negative AMs in women
- Positive memories had an indirect effect on postretrieval positive mood through extraversion
- Reliving negative AMs has a direct effect on postretrieval negative mood (inefficient engagement of suppression in women)
Emotion in bipolar disorder (Gruber et al., 2012)
BD participants had selective deficit in maintaining negative but not positive emotions
