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Third Year Modules > Behaviour Change > Flashcards

Behaviour Change Flashcards

1
Q

Posteriority

A

Things that you spend a lot of time doing that may delay goal achievement

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2
Q

Clark & Hatfield (1989)

A
  • Asking for love
  • Good chance for date for both sexes
  • Better chances for women who ask for apartment or bed
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3
Q

Similarity effect

A
  • Just plain folk

- Increases liking and compliance

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4
Q

Burder et al. (similarity and liking)

A
  • Asked participants to describe themselves with adjectives and then shown a list by a second participant that was similar or not and then rate them
  • Similarity increased liking and compliance
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5
Q

Pique technique

A

Being specific

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6
Q

Santos et al. (asking for money)

A

Asking for the specific amount increases likelihood of getting it

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7
Q

Placebic information: Langer, Black & Chonowitz (1978)

A

Placebic information has same effect as sufficient information and better than none

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8
Q

Underestimating compliance (Flynn & Lake, 2008)

A

People seeking help don’t appreciate the social costs of rejecting (i.e. reciprocity) a request for help (predicted was always more than actual)

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9
Q

Underestimating the discomfort of help-seeking (Bohns & Flynn, 2010)

A

Those in a position to help underestimate the role of embarrassment in deciding to ask for help

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10
Q

War propoganda uses:

A
  • Subjective norms
  • Attitudes
  • Personalization
  • “You”
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11
Q

Torches of freedom

A
  • Edward Bernays

- Smoking and women’s liberation at Easter Sunday Parade

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12
Q

Self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1977)

A

Strength of one’s belief in one’s ability to complete a task or goals
• Seize good opportunities
• Engage with role models
• Internal locus of control

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13
Q

Theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980)

A

Attitudes or subjective norms > intention > actions

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14
Q

Theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991)

A

Attitude or norms or perceived behavioural control > intentions > actions

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15
Q

Six components of Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986)

A
  1. Reciprocal determinism
  2. Behavioural capability
  3. Observational learning
  4. Reinforcements
  5. Expectations
  6. Self-efficacy
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16
Q

Availability heuristic (Tversky & Kahneman, 1973)

A

Proposes that the ease of retrieval of an event is an indicator of its relative frequency in the environment and hence its importance

• Variety of research using alphabets, self-ratings on personality traits and risk assessment

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17
Q

Yale attitude change approach (Holland, 1953)

A
  • The Source
  • The Message
  • The Audience
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18
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A
  • Central route (controlled)

- Peripheral route (automatic)

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19
Q

Reasoned argument structures:

A
  1. Sequential pattern
  2. Problem-solution pattern
  3. Topical organization
  4. Two-sided pattern
  5. Refutational vs. non-refutional
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20
Q

Operant conditioning

A
  • Learning with reinforcement and punishment for behaviour

- Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior

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21
Q

Operant vs. Classical

A

Operant conditioning= control problem

  • What to do to maximize reward?
  • Learning what behaviour to do

Classical = prediction problem

  • What is going to happen?
  • Learning of a relationship (not necessarily a required behaviour for the situation to take place)
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22
Q

Operant conditioning: Which responses to make?

A
  • Shaping

- Discovery schedules

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23
Q

Operant conditioning: How much to respond?

A

Matching law

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24
Q

Operant conditioning: When to respond?

A

Timing

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25
Q

Limitations of conditioning

A
  1. Instincts
  2. Goals
  3. Habits
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26
Q

Deficit model of science

A

Think telling people scientific data will change their behaviour

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27
Q

Information proliferation

A

Wealth of information creates poverty of attention

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28
Q

Concreteness of American English (Hills & Adelman, 2015)

A
  • Concrete words are more easily recalled and more readily learned
  • Become more concrete
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29
Q

Forces of information selection: Belief Consistent

A

Leads balanced information to support increasingly polarized views

  • Lord, Ross & Lepper (1979): Presented neutral information about capital punishment which actually made readers more polarized rather than more neutral
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30
Q

Forces of information selection: Negative Information

A

Amplifies information about downside risks and crowds potential benefits

  • Loss Aversion (Tversky & Kahneman, 1991)
  • Social risk amplification (Moussaid et al., 2015): Chinese whispers study with Triclosan information
  • Extension (Jagiello & Hills, 2018): Reintoducing balanced information later doesn’t help
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31
Q

Forces of information selection: Social Information

A

Drives herding, impairs objective assessments, reduces exploration for solutions to hard problems

  • Advice (Engelmann et al., 2009): Turn off pre-frontal cortex when getting advice
  • Knowing others’ choice (Salganik et al.): Increasing strength of social influence increased both inequality and unpredictability of success
  • Network connectivity (Mason et al., 2008): Modulates exploration/exploitation: more connections good for easy problem but not for hard
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32
Q

Forces of information selection: Predictive Information

A

Drives overfitting, replication crisis, risk seeking

33
Q

Social Proof/Consensus

A
  • Conformity (Asch, 1955)
  • Bystander Effect
  • Pluralistic ignorance
34
Q

Reciprocity

A
  • Social norms
  • Gift giving
  • Reciprocal altruism
  • Gillette Model
35
Q

Authority

A
  • Messenger
  • Obedience
  • Power
36
Q

Liking

A

Mere exposure effect

37
Q

Scarcity

A
  • Limits

- Censorship fails

38
Q

Consistency/ commitment

A

Foot-in-the-door

39
Q

Vicarious trial and error (Tolman & Gleitman, 1949)

A

Animal stops at choice point and chooses safe side

40
Q

Simulation theory of cognitive function (Hesslow, 2002)

A

Brain automatically constructs responses

41
Q

Piano study (Lotze et al., 2003)

A
  • Brain activation during real and imagined piano performance is in similar areas (however less activation in the imagined)
  • Amateurs also have overall more activation in both than professionals
42
Q

Neural noise

A

Distance between channels or things interfering with it in one neuron

43
Q

Executive control (Baddeley et al., 1998)

A

Having a parallel task adds redundancy to production of random digits task (introduction of randomness is effortful)

44
Q

Naive inhibition model

A

Actual animal (Inhibition) > q-self (Simulation) > q-self (Removal of inhibition) > Actual animal

45
Q

Self-actuating model

A
  • Added p-self

- Clone and merge

46
Q

p-self

A
  • Need not be an enduring ‘narrative’ self but could be an ‘enduring self’ if we create a model meta self
  • Reality monitor
47
Q

Self-perception theory of attitudes (Bem, 1972)

A

Reverse view of causality: Behaviours cause attitudes

48
Q

Decision Field Theory (homunculus free stopping)

A

Outcomes are drawn from memory with evaluative (striatal) information (past determines threshold)

49
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy (Merton, 1947)

A

Definitions of a situation become an integral part of the situation and thus affect subsequent developments

50
Q

Dunbar’s number

A

Neocortex (thinking part of brain) size as a constraint on group size in primates

  • Correlation between size of neocortex relative to rest of brain and average group size
51
Q

Ingroup bias

A

People tend to favour/praise/prefer their own group relative to other groups (even when the group definition is basically arbitrary)

52
Q

Social Identity Theory (Tajfel, 1981)

A

Part of the self-concept derived from group membership

  • Minimal group paradigm with artists (Tajfel et al., 1970)
53
Q

Robbers Cave Experiments (Sherif et al., 1954)

A
  • Group formation
  • Group conflict
  • Conflict resolution
54
Q

Social Identity Maintenance Model (Turner & Pratkanis)

A

Group self-categorization > Positive group image (arrow from collective threat) > Identity protection > Defective decision making

55
Q

Groupthink (Janis, 1972) symptoms

A

Psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which desire for conformity or harmony results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome

  1. Illusions of invulnerability
  2. Unquestioned beliefs
  3. Rationalizing
  4. Stereotyping
  5. Self-censorship
  6. Mindguards
  7. Illusions of unanimity
  8. Direct pressure
56
Q

The Manded Altercast (Miller et al., 1975)

A
  • Stop littering

- Attribution worked better than persuasion (we wouldn’t do that vs. don’t be a litterbug)

57
Q

Cheating (Bryan & Adams, 2013)

A

When people were told “please don’t cheat” they were more likely to claim more money than those who were told “please don’t be cheater”

58
Q

Social contagion

A
  • Obesity (Christakis & Fowler, 2007)

- Smoking (Christakis & Fowler, 2008)

59
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

If presented with base rate information (i.e. generic, general information) and specific information (pertaining to a certain case), one tends to ignore the former and focus on the latter

60
Q

False positive paradox

A
  • People are inclined to say that probability for having a disease is 100% if you test positive even if the test has a 20% false positive rate and population base rate is 1%
  • False positive tests are more probable than true positive tests (occurs when overall population has a low incidence of a condition and the incidence rate is lower than the false positive rate)
61
Q

DRD4 gene

A
  • 7R allele associated with novelty seeking and extraversion (Ebstein, 2006)
  • Ancestors who moved further away from Africa had 7R instead of 4R
62
Q

Frequency-Dependent Selection

A

Advantages of low frequency strategies

63
Q

Hawk-Dove Game

A

The hawk-dove game is a game theory situation where an individual can choose to play hawk or dove and then reveal what they are playing to the other person (who also chooses)

64
Q

Producer-Scrounger Game

A
  • Producers bear the costs associated with searching for food
  • Scroungers benefit from the work of producers
  • Better to be one or the other depending on what/ how many others are
65
Q

Humanity is more civil- Pinker’s argument

A

One of the reasons for this is increased efficiency in book production which enables better perspective thinking empathy and theory of mind

66
Q

Intergroup Contact Theory

A

Direct contact between hostile groups will reduce prejudice (Allport, 1954)

67
Q

Social distance

A

Concreteness decreases with more social distance

68
Q

What is negotiation?

A
  • Group decision making
  • Probabilistic
  • Try to maximize outcomes
69
Q

Good negotiators:

1. Understanding of value

A

How you and others value things

  • BATNA: best alternative to a negotiated agreement
  • ZOPA (Zone of possible agreement): The differences between your reservation price and the other party’s
70
Q

Good negotiators:

2. Patience

A

Time pressure impairs ability to use what you know, makes it harder to understand and seek alternatives

  • Ask questions and build trust
71
Q

Good negotiators:

3. Honesty

A

Relies on trust

72
Q

Zero sum fallacy

A

A mathematical representation of a situation in which each participant’s gain or loss is balanced by the losses or gains of the other participants

73
Q

Things to remember when negotiating

A
  • Contrast effect
  • Disaggregate the gains
  • Frequency trumps quality
  • Door-in-the-face
  • Try to avoid escalation
  • Negotiating from a position of weakness
  • Negotiation isn’t always about the obvious
74
Q

How mental systems believe (Gilbert, 1991)

A
  • Something is believed if: its meaning is represented, coded or symbolized in a mental system and is treated as true
  • Cartesian belief: COMPREHENSION > ACCEPTANCE OR REJECTION
  • Spinozan procedure: COMPRHENSION AND ACCEPTANCE > CERTIFICATION OR UNACCEPTANCE
75
Q

Implementation intentions and goal achievement (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006)

A

Goal implementation (if-then plans; self instructions) helps by promoting goal realization: setting the when, where and how of goal striving

a. Identify a response that will promote goal attainment
b. Anticipate a suitable occasion to initiate that response

76
Q

The Dark Side of Information Proliferation (Hills, 2018)

A
  • Belief consistent: Leads balanced information to support increasingly polarized views
  • Negative: Amplifies information about downside risks (social risk amplification) and crowds potential benefits
  • Social: Drives herding, impairs objective assessments, reduces exploration for solutions to hard problems
  • Predictive: Drives overfitting, replication crisis, risk seeking
77
Q

Influencing behaviour: The MINDSPACE way (Dolan et al., 2012)

A
  • Messenger
  • Incentives
  • Norms
  • Defaults
  • Salience
  • Priming
  • Affect
  • Commitments
  • Ego
78
Q

Neurocognitive Free Will (Hills)

A
  1. Hard determinism
  2. Hard indeterminism
  3. Compatibilism
  4. Libertarianism

Dominant design features of free will:

  • Generation of alternative possibilities
  • Regulation of behavior via higher-order volition (goals & plans)
  • Role of deliberation in producing and valuing choices in relation to the self

Third Year Modules (6 decks)

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