Cultures Flashcards
Define culture
- Over 200 definitions
- Complex whole consisting of capabilities and habits acquired as a member of a society (Tylor, 1871)
- Collective phenomenon (Hofstede, 1991)
- Communicated from one generation to the next (Matmumoto, 1996)
- Shared way of life of a group of people (Berry et al., 2002)
Hofstede’s Onion Diagram
- Symbols
- Heroes
- Rituals
- Practices make up points 1, 2, 3
- Values (at the core)
Hall’s Iceberg Model
Surface culture: Behaviors & customs
Deep culture: Attitudes & beliefs; core values
Etic
Outside
Emic
Inside
Cross-cultural psychology
Culture as antecedent to behaviour; emphasis on identifying universal processes (derived etic)
Ways of research in culture
- Psychological and process variables
- Background variables
What is ecological fallacy?
- Assuming relationship at one level proves something on a different level of analysis
- Culture-level characterization used to explain relationship at a more familiar individual-level
- Robinson (1950) immigrants and illiteracy findings
WEIRD
White Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic
Hofstede 6-D Model
- Individualism vs. Collectivism
- Power distance
- Masculinity vs. Femininity
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Long-term vs. Short-term orientation
- Indulgence vs. Restraint
Schwartz Individual Level Values
- Universalism
- Benevolence
- Conformity
- Tradition
- Security
- Power
- Achievement
- Hedonism
- Stimulation
- Self direction
Links to: Self-transcendence, conservation, self enhancement and openness to change
Schwartz Cultural Level Values
- Autonomy vs. Embeddedness
- Egalitarianism vs. Hierarchy
- Harmony vs. Mastery
Inglehart-Welzel’s Dimensions of Cultural Values
- Traditional vs. Secular-rational
2. Survival vs. Self-expression
Two cultural change hypothesis
- Scarcity
2. Socialization
Common theme in the three value theories/models
- Individualism
- Autonomy
- Self-expression
Multiple selves (William James)
Current, past, possible
Key differences in self-construals
- Structure
- Important features
- Tasks
- Role of others
- Basis of self-esteem
Two self-construal
- Independent
2. Interdependent
How is self-construal a mediator of cultural differences?
Cultural context > Self-construal > Cognition + Emotion + Motivation
Beyond East-West Dichotomy (Vignoles)
- Difference vs. similarity
- Self-containment vs. connection to others
- Self-direction vs. receptiveness to influence
- Self-reliance vs. dependence on others
- Consistency vs. variability
- Self-expression vs. harmony
- Self-interest vs. commitment to others
Cultural differences in self-esteem
Generally high global self-esteem but more positive self-evaluations in Western
Emotions: Physiological responses
Universality for bodily mapping of emotions
Emotions: Frequency
Consistent finding that Asian cultures report less pleasant and more negative emotion than North Americans
Why are there differences in frequency of emotions across cultures?
Culture norm hypothesis, mixed emotions, affect scales
Evidence for universality of basic emotion experience and expression
- Pan cultural elements in facial displays (Ekman et al., 1969)
- Expressions in athletes, including blind ones (Matsumoto & Willingham, 2006)
Emotion recognition
Cross-cultural recognition but in-group advantage
Display rules of emotion
Alignment of emotions with cultural values, ideals, goals and concerns
Five-factor theory of personality
Openness Conscientious Agreeableness Extraversion Neuroticism
Hofstede’s hypothesis for personality and culture
Could be that culture is socialising its members to express their genetic predispositions in acceptable ways
Personality findings in Germany
Past East and West similar in personality, except openness was lower and modesty was higher in East
Geography of personality
Grouping in relation to geographical closeness showcases similar personality profiles
Regional Personality Differences In Great Britain (Rentfrow et al., 2015)
- PESH outcomes (political, economic, social, health)
- Distinct geographical clusters
- Similarities within neighboring regions
- E.g. Oxford, Bristol, Brighton: Openness (liberal, non-traditional and educated) linked with more foreign-born residents, same-sex partnerships, violent crime and less married residents
Cultural determinants of SWB
- Individualistic
- Higher GDP
- Democracy and perceived freedom of choice