✔️Emotion

Question 1

Topics for emotions (11)

Answer 1

1 Functions of music

1 Musical characteristics (happy/sad)
2 Emotional contagion
3 Brain stem reflexes
4 Episodic memory
5 Evaluative conditioning
6 Musical expectancy
7 Visual imagery
8 Mood Regulation
9 Thayer, Newman and McClain 1994 study
10 Music therapy
11

Question 2

Functions of music (3)

And study

Answer 2

Self identity, interpersonal relationships and mood

Question 4

How can emotions be portrayed musically?

Answer 4

Tempo
Instrumentation
Dynamics
Tonality

Question 5

How is happiness portrayed in music?

Answer 5

Fast tempo
Major tonality
Electrical instruments
Lyrics

Question 6

How is sadness portrayed musically?

Answer 6

Minor tonality
Slow tempo
Acoustic instrumentation
Lyrics

Question 7

Happiness and sadness in music

Statement and study

Answer 7

Happiness and sadness are more attributed to music than any other emotion
(Haack 1980)

Question 8

What is EMOTIONAL CONTAGION?

And 2 ways that the process works in the body

Answer 8

The listener perceives the emotional expression of the music (i.e. happy/sad)
Then mimics the expression internally

Through peripheral feedback from muscles

Activation of the relevant emotional representations in the brain

Question 9

What are BRAIN STEM REFLEXES?

And study

Answer 9

When elements of the music are taken by the brain stem to signal a potentially important and urgent event

Justin and Västfjall 2008

Question 10

What is EPISODIC MEMORY in terms of music?

Answer 10

When music evokes a memory of a particular event in the listener and therefore results in them them experiencing emotions

Question 11

What is EVALUATIVE CONDITIONING in terms of music?

Answer 11

When music is associated with other positive or negative stimuli

Question 12

What is MUSICAL EXPECTANCY?

Answer 12

When a listener has expectations about the continuation of the music and it is violated, delayed or confirmed, resulting in the experiencing emotions

Question 13

Why is VISUAL IMAGERY relevant in terms of music psychology?

Answer 13

A listener can conjure up visual images while listening to music which leads to them experiencing emotion due to a close relationship between the music and the images

Question 14

What is the relevance of MOOD REGULATION in music psychology?

6 reasons

Name study + stat

Answer 14

Music listening has been found to be the most often used and effective tactic for mood regulation.
This has been found to be used for:

Distraction and disengagement
To vent
To feel pleasant
Reduce tension
To cope
Suppression and denial

Van Goethem 2010, 2011
Participated consciously tried to regulate mood in over 50% of music listening episodes

Question 15

Music therapy and benefits in three cases (and three corresponding studies)

Answer 15

Music therapy for depression- making contact with patients (Bodner et al. 2007)

Music therapy for grieving adolescents- expressing feeling (Skewes 2001)

Cancer patients-self identification and expression (Ahmandi 2009)

Question 16

Study on mood regulation?

Answer 16

Thayer et al. 1994

Music shown to be one of the most effective methods of feeling energised

Along with drinking coffee, taking a shower