✔️Cognition and Music

Question 1

Cognition and music topics

Answer 1

1 musical development effecting     
   other brain areas
2 IQ in children
3 Structural brain differences in amateurs, non
   professional and professional musicians
4 Linguistic processing study
5 Cortical
6 Phonemic
7 Verbal responses
8 gestalt principles 
9 effects of gestalt principles
10 commonality across cultures
11 Circle of fifths
12 Expectations
13 Organisation and division of music in the brain study

Question 2

Other brain areas, development of music study

Answer 2

Schlaug et al 2005

Music training in children been shown to result in long term enhancement of visual-spacial, verbal and mathematical performance

Question 3

IQ and music in children

Answer 3

Schellenberg 2004

Six year olds, taking lessons for a year

Keyboard, voice, drama and none

Music students had slightly better IQ result in all areas of test

Voice lesson students scoring slightly higher- perhaps more direct relationship between motor processes and sensory experience

Areas such as coding and arithmetic not related to music, therefore there is a relationship between music and overall intellectual cognitive processes

Question 4

Structural brain differences in professional, amateur and non-musicians study

Answer 4

Gaser and Schlaug 2009

Difference found in brain plasticity

Motor auditory and visual regions of brain stimulated

Question 5

Linguistic processing study

Answer 5

Patel & Iverson 2006

Musical training sharpens the brain’s early encoding of linguistic sound, leading to superior coding

Question 6

Effect on cortical responses study

Answer 6

Moreno & Besson 2006

8 year old children

8 weeks of musical training, responses in the cortex differed from control group with no training

Question 7

Effect on phonemic awareness study

Answer 7

Gromko 2005

Young children received 4 months of music lessons

Exhibited greater phonemic awareness than control group

Learning to discriminate between tonal and rhythmic patterns and converting to visual symbols

Question 8

Effect on verbal learning study

Answer 8

Piro and Ortiz 2009

Children learning piano had better vocab and verbal spacing than control group

No difference found after two years but significant difference after long term- process takes a while

Question 9

What is meant by Gestalt principles?

And 4 elements

Answer 9

The brain’s tendency to view parts as a whole based on their organisation

Proximity
Similarity
Closure
Good continuation

Question 10

Gestalt principles’ effects on music

4 points

Answer 10

Proximity- tones close in pitch or time tend to be perceived as a group

Similarity- sequences and themes influence our perception of the work as a whole

Closure- finality expressed through cadences

Good continuation- Deutsch’s scale illusion: predispositions override what is heard

Question 11

Commonality in musical cultures

Study

Answer 11

Tan et al 2010

All cultures have octave equivalence
Adopt a set of pitch classes
Adopt scales from which intervals are spaced asymmetrically

Question 12

Circle of fifths

Answer 12

Structural music

May explain relationship between music and maths

Question 13

Expectations

Answer 13

Consonance and dissonance

Expectations and disruptions in music effecting the way the brain processes the sounds

Question 14

Organisation and division of music in the brain

Answer 14

Sloboda and Gregory (1980)

Click migration

Listeners falsely perceived the click as occurring at the end of a phrase

Exemplifies how the brain creates boundaries in music based on rhythm