✔️Development of Musicality

Question 1

Development of musicality topics (13)

Answer 1

1 Universality
2 Pitch in infants
3 Metre in infants
4 Mother and musical interaction
5 Sound experience in infancy
6 Entrainment
7 Humans and animals in entrainment
8 Development of other brain areas study
9 Linguistic development study
10 Cortical development
11 Phonemic development
12 Verbal development
13 Singing development 4 phases

Question 2

Universality

Answer 2

Trehub 2001

Musical pattern perception

Similar in infants and adults

Minimal/long term exposure irrelevant

Question 3

Pitch in infants

Answer 3

Olsko et al 1982

Infants noticed change in pitch up to one third of a semitones

Trehub et al 1999

Nine month olds recognising scale structure, reacting to equal and unequal scale steps

Question 4

Metre in infants

Answer 4

Winkler et al (2009)

Newborn babies express a detection of metrical patterns

Question 5

Mother and musical interaction in infants

Answer 5

Winnicott 1976

‘Mother-infant’ unit

Child has no awareness of self, it is one with the mother

Immediacy of mother-infant interaction

Interdependent with symbolisation

Question 6

Sound experience in infancy

Answer 6

(Lecourt 1990)

Differentiation of internal/external sounds

First cry, simultaneously produced and heard

Only differentiated by the presence/absence of motor participation

Question 7

What is entrainment?

Answer 7

When two independent rhythmic processes synchronise with each other

Question 8

Humans and animals in entrainment study

Answer 8

While most animals express an ability to move in a metric fashion, humans are unique in that they can entrain their movements to an external timekeeper

Brown et al 2000

Question 9

Development of other brain areas

Study

Answer 9

Schlaug et al 2005

Music training in children been shown to result in long term enhancement of visual-spacial, verbal and mathematical performance

Question 10

Linguistic effects study

Answer 10

Patel & Iverson 2006

Musical training sharpens the brain’s early encoding of linguistic sound, leading to superior coding

Question 11

Effect on cortical responses study

Answer 11

Moreno & Besson 2006

8 year old children

8 weeks of musical training, responses in the cortex differed from control group with no training

Question 12

Effect on phonemic awareness study

Answer 12

Gromko 2005

Young children received 4 months of music lessons

Exhibited greater phonemic awareness than control group

Learning to discriminate between tonal and rhythmic patterns and converting to visual symbols

Question 13

Effect on verbal processes study

Answer 13

Piro and Ortiz 2009

Children learning piano had better vocab and verbal spacing than control group

No difference found after two years but significant difference after long term- process takes a while

Question 14

Singing development

4 phases

Answer 14

1. Initial interest in words, chant like. Restricted range and phrases
2. Awareness that vocal pitch is controllable, expansion of vocal range, tonality influenced by elements of local music culture
3. Melodic shape, number of reference pitches gradually reduced

4 eventually no significant pitch errors in simple songs from local culture