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Brain and Behavior > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Default mode network

A

Part of the brain that is active while we are mentally inactive is the

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2
Q

Rerouting

A

New connections made between existing pathways

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3
Q

Sprouting

A

New axon & dendrite extends from an existing neuron to make new connections

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4
Q

Degenerative diseases

A

Existing neurons die off
-Alzheimer’s: Misfolded proteins build up
-Parkinson’s buildup of intracellular toxins

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5
Q

Coup/Contre-Coup

A

In closed head injuries, bruising occurs at two sites because brain hits the opposite site as well as

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6
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Most common, from blood clot/obstruction of an artery
-Neurons not maintained, no access to oxygen/glucose

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7
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Less frequent, results from ruptured artery
-Neurons flooded with excess blood, calcium, oxygen, chemicals

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8
Q

Effects of stroke

A

Edema - fluid accumulation, increased pressure on brain
Disruption of Sodium-Potassium pumps

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9
Q

Immediate treatments for stroke

A

Minimize damage by cooling, tissue plasminogen activator that breaks up clots

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10
Q

Superficial facial muscles

A

Attach b/w points of facial skin
-Innervated by facial nerve

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11
Q

Deep facial muscles

A

Attach to bones, larger movements
-Innervated by motor branch of trigeminal nerve

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12
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

Sensory feedback from facial expressions can affect mood

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13
Q

Folk Psychology

A

Stimulus > Perception/Interpretation > Emotion > autonomic arousal

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14
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

Stimulus > Perception/Interpretation > Autonomic arousal > Emotion

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15
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

Stimulus > Perception > Emotion & Autonomic arousal

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16
Q

Schachter & Singer Theory of Emotion

A

Stimulus > Perception/Interpretation > Cognitive appraisal > Attribution of emotion responsible for arousal

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17
Q

Misattribution of arousal

A

Attributing false meanings due to similar reactions

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18
Q

Degeneracy

A

Different parts of brain able to do the same thing

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19
Q

Result of Prefrontal Lobotomy

A

apathy, lack of ability to plan, memory disorders, lack of emotional expression

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20
Q

Serotonin turnover

A

Amount of serotonin neurons release, absorb, and replace
-Low turnover associated with aggression

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21
Q

Testosterone & Aggression in animals

A

Removing testes > less aggressive behavior, strong correlation

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22
Q

Testosterone & Aggression in humans

A

Increased testosterone in puberty doesn’t increase aggression

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23
Q

High Road of fear/anxiety

A

From thalamus to sensory cortex/hippocampus, then to amygdala, uses perception

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24
Q

Low road in Fear/anxiety response

A

Thalamus > Amygdala

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25
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Parasitic infection in rats, can only reproduce in digestive system of cats
-Takes over part of CNS in rats & causes reduced fear of cats

26
Q

Rabies

A

Viral infection spread through saliva,
-Increased saliva production
-Increased aggression
-Hydrophobia - fear of drinking water

27
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

Threats activate general response to stressors

28
Q

Alarm stage of GAS

A

Increased SNS activity

29
Q

Resistance stage of GAS

A

Sympathetic response declines, adrenals continue releasing hormones to prolong alertness

30
Q

Exhaustion stage of GAS

A

After prolonged stress, body no longer has energy to sustain response

31
Q

HPA Axis

A

Dominant response to prolonged stressors
-Hypothalamus responds to emotions & threats by releasing CRH
-Pituitary releases ACTH
-Adrenal glands release Cortisol
-Sympathetic activation: epinephrine & norepinephrine, cortisol drives negative feedback loop

32
Q

Eustress

A

Good stress, helps focus

33
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

Endogenous cannabinoid, NT that acts on CB-1 and CB-2 receptors, anti-anxiety effects

34
Q

Dopamine

A

NT for reward/motivation behavior

35
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone that has influence when we experience prosocial interactions

36
Q

Endorphins

A

Hormones useful for pain dampening

37
Q

MOD NED

A

Symptoms must occur most of the day, nearly every day

38
Q

Areas of increased activation in depression

A

-Frontal lobes during cognitive tasks
-Amygdala during emotional processing

39
Q

Negativity bias

A

gives negative events/thoughts proportionally greater impact in memory/psychological state

40
Q

CBT

A

Looks at how thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are connected

41
Q

ECT

A

Strong current used to cause controlled seizures

42
Q

rTMS

A

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
-alters cortical electrical activity

43
Q

Overall limitation of antidepressants

A

Strong placebo effect

44
Q

First antidepressant drugs

A

MAO (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors)

45
Q

How do MAO Inhibitors work?

A

-Enzyme inactivates monoamines: norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, raise level of them at the synapse
-originally irreversible

46
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants

A

Block reuptake of serotonin & norepinephrine

47
Q

SSRI Limitations

A

-serotonin discontinuation syndrome
-sexual side effects
-emotional blunting
-long lag-time
-^ Suicide risk (children/adolescents)

48
Q

SNRI

A

Block reuptake of serotonin & norepinephrine, also for fibromyalgia

49
Q

Buproprion

A

Reuptake of norepinephrine & dopamine

50
Q

Vortioxetine

A

Inhibits serotonin reuptake, also antagonist for some serotonin receptors

51
Q

Agomelatine

A

Agonist for melatonin receptors & 5-HT receptors

52
Q

Reboxetine

A

Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, no effect in humans

53
Q

Ketamine

A

Dissociative anesthetic, popular in veterinary medicine

54
Q

Esketamine

A

Variant of esketamine, used as in-patient nasal spray

55
Q

Positive symptoms

A

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior

56
Q

Negative symptoms

A

Weak emotion, speech, socialization

57
Q

Cognitive symptoms

A

Limitations of thought/reasoning, may be due to impairments and working memory

58
Q

Antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia

A

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) - first drug used, relieves positive symptoms of most patients

59
Q

Antipsychotic/neuroleptic drugs

A

Tend to relieve schizophrenia and similar conditions
-2 chemical families: both block dopamine synapses

60
Q

Phenothiazines

A

Antipsychotic/neuroleptic drug family that includes Thorazine

61
Q
A

Brain and Behavior (6 decks)

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