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Brain and Behavior > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Default mode network

A

Part of the brain that is active while we are mentally inactive is the

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2
Q

Rerouting

A

New connections made between existing pathways

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3
Q

Sprouting

A

New axon & dendrite extends from an existing neuron to make new connections

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4
Q

Degenerative diseases

A

Existing neurons die off
-Alzheimer’s: Misfolded proteins build up
-Parkinson’s buildup of intracellular toxins

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5
Q

Coup/Contre-Coup

A

In closed head injuries, bruising occurs at two sites because brain hits the opposite site as well as

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6
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Most common, from blood clot/obstruction of an artery
-Neurons not maintained, no access to oxygen/glucose

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7
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Less frequent, results from ruptured artery
-Neurons flooded with excess blood, calcium, oxygen, chemicals

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8
Q

Effects of stroke

A

Edema - fluid accumulation, increased pressure on brain
Disruption of Sodium-Potassium pumps

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9
Q

Immediate treatments for stroke

A

Minimize damage by cooling, tissue plasminogen activator that breaks up clots

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10
Q

Superficial facial muscles

A

Attach b/w points of facial skin
-Innervated by facial nerve

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11
Q

Deep facial muscles

A

Attach to bones, larger movements
-Innervated by motor branch of trigeminal nerve

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12
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

Sensory feedback from facial expressions can affect mood

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13
Q

Folk Psychology

A

Stimulus > Perception/Interpretation > Emotion > autonomic arousal

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14
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

Stimulus > Perception/Interpretation > Autonomic arousal > Emotion

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15
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

Stimulus > Perception > Emotion & Autonomic arousal

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16
Q

Schachter & Singer Theory of Emotion

A

Stimulus > Perception/Interpretation > Cognitive appraisal > Attribution of emotion responsible for arousal

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17
Q

Misattribution of arousal

A

Attributing false meanings due to similar reactions

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18
Q

Degeneracy

A

Different parts of brain able to do the same thing

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19
Q

Result of Prefrontal Lobotomy

A

apathy, lack of ability to plan, memory disorders, lack of emotional expression

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20
Q

Serotonin turnover

A

Amount of serotonin neurons release, absorb, and replace
-Low turnover associated with aggression

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21
Q

Testosterone & Aggression in animals

A

Removing testes > less aggressive behavior, strong correlation

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22
Q

Testosterone & Aggression in humans

A

Increased testosterone in puberty doesn’t increase aggression

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23
Q

High Road of fear/anxiety

A

From thalamus to sensory cortex/hippocampus, then to amygdala, uses perception

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24
Q

Low road in Fear/anxiety response

A

Thalamus > Amygdala

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25
Toxoplasmosis
Parasitic infection in rats, can only reproduce in digestive system of cats -Takes over part of CNS in rats & causes reduced fear of cats
26
Rabies
Viral infection spread through saliva, -Increased saliva production -Increased aggression -Hydrophobia - fear of drinking water
27
General adaptation syndrome
Threats activate general response to stressors
28
Alarm stage of GAS
Increased SNS activity
29
Resistance stage of GAS
Sympathetic response declines, adrenals continue releasing hormones to prolong alertness
30
Exhaustion stage of GAS
After prolonged stress, body no longer has energy to sustain response
31
HPA Axis
Dominant response to prolonged stressors -Hypothalamus responds to emotions & threats by releasing CRH -Pituitary releases ACTH -Adrenal glands release Cortisol -Sympathetic activation: epinephrine & norepinephrine, cortisol drives negative feedback loop
32
Eustress
Good stress, helps focus
33
Endocannabinoids
Endogenous cannabinoid, NT that acts on CB-1 and CB-2 receptors, anti-anxiety effects
34
Dopamine
NT for reward/motivation behavior
35
Oxytocin
Hormone that has influence when we experience prosocial interactions
36
Endorphins
Hormones useful for pain dampening
37
MOD NED
Symptoms must occur most of the day, nearly every day
38
Areas of increased activation in depression
-Frontal lobes during cognitive tasks -Amygdala during emotional processing
39
Negativity bias
gives negative events/thoughts proportionally greater impact in memory/psychological state
40
CBT
Looks at how thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are connected
41
ECT
Strong current used to cause controlled seizures
42
rTMS
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation -alters cortical electrical activity
43
Overall limitation of antidepressants
Strong placebo effect
44
First antidepressant drugs
MAO (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
45
How do MAO Inhibitors work?
-Enzyme inactivates monoamines: norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, raise level of them at the synapse -originally irreversible
46
Tricyclic antidepressants
Block reuptake of serotonin & norepinephrine
47
SSRI Limitations
-serotonin discontinuation syndrome -sexual side effects -emotional blunting -long lag-time -^ Suicide risk (children/adolescents)
48
SNRI
Block reuptake of serotonin & norepinephrine, also for fibromyalgia
49
Buproprion
Reuptake of norepinephrine & dopamine
50
Vortioxetine
Inhibits serotonin reuptake, also antagonist for some serotonin receptors
51
Agomelatine
Agonist for melatonin receptors & 5-HT receptors
52
Reboxetine
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, no effect in humans
53
Ketamine
Dissociative anesthetic, popular in veterinary medicine
54
Esketamine
Variant of esketamine, used as in-patient nasal spray
55
Positive symptoms
Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior
56
Negative symptoms
Weak emotion, speech, socialization
57
Cognitive symptoms
Limitations of thought/reasoning, may be due to impairments and working memory
58
Antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) - first drug used, relieves positive symptoms of most patients
59
Antipsychotic/neuroleptic drugs
Tend to relieve schizophrenia and similar conditions -2 chemical families: both block dopamine synapses
60
Phenothiazines
Antipsychotic/neuroleptic drug family that includes Thorazine
61
Butyrophenones
Antipsychotic/neuroleptic drug family that includes Haloperidol
62
Dopamine Hypothesis
Schizophrenia is due to excess activity at dopamine synapses in some brain areas - only helpful for explaining positive symptoms
63
Substance-Induced psychotic disorder (What does it support
Individuals experience hallucinations and delusions with repeated large doses of amphetamines, meth, or cocaine -Supports dopamine hypothesis
64

Brain and Behavior (7 decks)

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