Ch.1

Question 1

What is a Neuron?

Answer 1

Excitable cells that send signals and communicate

Question 2

What were Renee Descartes contributions?
What was her experiment

Answer 2

-Mind is separate and humans have a nonmaterial soul as well as a material body

Question 3

How did Electricity impact Neuroscience discoveries?

Answer 3

-Led to discovery that body can create/store electrical energy
-Electrical stimulation (Luigi Galvani)

Question 4

Phrenology

Answer 4

Idea that specific behaviors, feelings, traits, controlled by specific parts of brain. (Feeling bumps on head). Flawed, but proposed the concept localization of function (brain regions specialize in behaviors.)

Question 5

Localization of Function

Answer 5

Brain regions Specialize in behaviors

Question 6

Intracellular recording

Answer 6

Electrode put into one cell, measuring voltage/current in that cell

Question 7

Extracellular recording

Answer 7

What is happening outside of the cell, measuring ionic current/voltage in extracellular space. Activity from many neurons

Question 8

In vitro

Answer 8

Cultured neurons or brain slice

Question 9

In vivo electrophysiology

Answer 9

Placing electrode in brain, record while animal is active

Question 10

Doctrine of specific Nerve Energy

Answer 10

All nerves work via electrical impulse, signal is perceived differently based on which nerve/organ being stimulated

Question 11

What were Johannes Muller’s contributions?

Answer 11

Used experimentation to isolate organs and test responses, led to the Doctrine of specific nerve energies

Question 12

Ablation

Answer 12

Damaging parts of brain for experimentation

Question 13

What were Marie Jean Pierre Flourens contributions?
What did he do?

Answer 13

Discovered (ish) that different regions controlled different things
-Removed parts of brain and saw how animals behaved

Question 14

What discoveries were made by the Phineas Gage case?

Answer 14

Proposed question: Are traits predictable by physiological examination?

Question 15

What were Franz Josef Gall’s contributions?

Answer 15

Phrenology - He determined traits by size of associated brain area

Question 16

What were Paul Broca’s contributions?

Answer 16

Used experimental ablation in human brains (observational) in brain trauma cases
-e.g., Autopsy on patient tan (lost ability to speak) - found targeted to front left cerebral cortex (broca’s area)

Question 17

What were the contributions of Gustav Fritsch & Eduard Hitzig?

Answer 17

Found contralateral effects & specificity.

Question 18

What were Johann Purkinje’s contributions?

Answer 18

-Sectioned brain thinly under microscope
-First to see brain made of cells & saw neurons, that they don’t look like other body cells, & consistency between bodies.

Question 19

Why were Purkinje’s brain slices limited?
-Who helped this and how?

Answer 19

-Same color, different to see parts
-Camillo Golgi - brain staining allowed to see specific cells
-Santiago Ramon y Cajal - used staining to make complex drawings

Question 20

Reticular theory
-Who supported?

Answer 20

all cells connected and signals move from cell to cell (Golgi supported)

Question 21

Neuron Theory
-Who supported?

Answer 21

Cells of brain were independent & separated by small spaces (Santiago supported)

Question 22

What were the contributions of Charles Sherrington?

Answer 22

-Proved neurons connected by synapses by showing one cell could inhibit activity in another cell
-Provided words “Neuron” & “Synapse”

Question 23

What was the Soups’ belief?
-Who supported?

Answer 23

Cell communication was chemical
-Henry Dale & Otto Loewi

Question 24

What was the Sparks’ belief?
-Who supported?

Answer 24

Cell communication was electrical, creating small spark across synapse
-John Eccles

Question 25

What experiment solved the Soups vs. Sparks conflict?

Answer 25

2 hearts, 1 dream - Loewi & Vagusstoff -Hearts from two frogs -Proved chemical release/communication

Question 26

What were Rita Levi-Montalcini's contributions?

Answer 26

-Studied chicks in bedroom to hide from Nazis -Discovered neurotrophins & NGF

Question 27

What were Marian Diamond's contributions?

Answer 27

Neuroplasticity - brain changes with experience Studied Einstein's brain (More glia)

Question 28

What were Karl Deisseroth's contributions?

Answer 28

-Used optogenetics: Affect neuron activity using light/genetic engineering -Generated opsins (light sensitive proteins) & cells activated when light administered

Question 29

What are the 5 principles of Ethics in human subjects research?

Answer 29

1. Informed consent 2. Minimize harm to participants 3. Avoid Deception when possible 4. Voluntary withdrawal 5. Protect confidentiality

Question 30

What are the 3 R's of Animal Research

Answer 30

1. Replacement - Why animals necessary 2. Reduction - Few # of animals possible 3. Refinement - Find ways to make lives better

Question 31

Input zone

Answer 31

Neurons receive info via synapses at dendrites

Question 32

Integration zone

Answer 32

The soma integrates the info to decide whether to send a signal

Question 33

Conduction zone

Answer 33

Axon carries neuron's electrical signals away from cell body

Question 34

Output zone

Answer 34

Swellings at axon terminals that transmit the signals across synapses to other cells

Question 35

What are most of the neurons in the brain?

Answer 35

Interneurons

Question 36

Multipolar neurons

Answer 36

many dendrites & single axons, most common

Question 37

Bipolar neurons

Answer 37

single dendrite at one end & single axon at other, common in sensory systems

Question 38

Unipolar neurons

Answer 38

single extension, usually considered axon, branches in 2 directions. Transmit touch information from body to spinal cord

Question 39

3 components of the synapse

Answer 39

1. Presynaptic membrane of axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron 2. Synaptic cleft - separates presynaptic & postsynaptic neurons 3. Postsynaptic membrane on dendrite

Question 40

Synaptic vesicles

Answer 40

Tiny hollow spheres in presynaptic axon terminals. Each contains mols of neurotransmitters

Question 41

Functions of Axon hillock (3)

Answer 41

1. Gathers & integrates info arriving 2. Decides when neuron will produce own neural signals 3. Neuron's output info races down axon

Question 42

Anterograde transport

Answer 42

Moves materials toward axon terminals

Question 43

Retrograde transport

Answer 43

moves used materials back to soma for recycling

Question 44

Glial cells functions

Answer 44

Provide neuron with raw materials, chemical signals, & specialized structural components

Question 45

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 45

Glial cells - in CNS, wrap around multiple axons

Question 46

Schwann cells

Answer 46

Glial cells - in PNS, wrap around a segment of one axon

Question 47

Astrocytes

Answer 47

Weave around/between neurons w/ tentacle extensions. Form tough outer membranes that swaddle brain & secrete chemical signals that affect synaptic transmission.

Question 48

Microgial cells

Answer 48

Contain & clean-up sites of energy