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Brain and Behavior > Ch.1 > Flashcards

Ch.1 Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What is a Neuron?

A

Excitable cells that send signals and communicate

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2
Q

What were Renee Descartes contributions?
What was her experiment

A

-Mind is separate and humans have a nonmaterial soul as well as a material body

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3
Q

How did Electricity impact Neuroscience discoveries?

A

-Led to discovery that body can create/store electrical energy
-Electrical stimulation (Luigi Galvani)

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4
Q

Phrenology

A

Idea that specific behaviors, feelings, traits, controlled by specific parts of brain. (Feeling bumps on head). Flawed, but proposed the concept localization of function (brain regions specialize in behaviors.)

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5
Q

Localization of Function

A

Brain regions Specialize in behaviors

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6
Q

Intracellular recording

A

Electrode put into one cell, measuring voltage/current in that cell

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7
Q

Extracellular recording

A

What is happening outside of the cell, measuring ionic current/voltage in extracellular space. Activity from many neurons

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8
Q

In vitro

A

Cultured neurons or brain slice

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9
Q

In vivo electrophysiology

A

Placing electrode in brain, record while animal is active

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10
Q

Doctrine of specific Nerve Energy

A

All nerves work via electrical impulse, signal is perceived differently based on which nerve/organ being stimulated

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11
Q

What were Johannes Muller’s contributions?

A

Used experimentation to isolate organs and test responses, led to the Doctrine of specific nerve energies

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12
Q

Ablation

A

Damaging parts of brain for experimentation

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13
Q

What were Marie Jean Pierre Flourens contributions?
What did he do?

A

Discovered (ish) that different regions controlled different things
-Removed parts of brain and saw how animals behaved

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14
Q

What discoveries were made by the Phineas Gage case?

A

Proposed question: Are traits predictable by physiological examination?

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15
Q

What were Franz Josef Gall’s contributions?

A

Phrenology - He determined traits by size of associated brain area

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16
Q

What were Paul Broca’s contributions?

A

Used experimental ablation in human brains (observational) in brain trauma cases
-e.g., Autopsy on patient tan (lost ability to speak) - found targeted to front left cerebral cortex (broca’s area)

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17
Q

What were the contributions of Gustav Fritsch & Eduard Hitzig?

A

Found contralateral effects & specificity.

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18
Q

What were Johann Purkinje’s contributions?

A

-Sectioned brain thinly under microscope
-First to see brain made of cells & saw neurons, that they don’t look like other body cells, & consistency between bodies.

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19
Q

Why were Purkinje’s brain slices limited?
-Who helped this and how?

A

-Same color, different to see parts
-Camillo Golgi - brain staining allowed to see specific cells
-Santiago Ramon y Cajal - used staining to make complex drawings

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20
Q

Reticular theory
-Who supported?

A

all cells connected and signals move from cell to cell (Golgi supported)

21
Q

Neuron Theory
-Who supported?

A

Cells of brain were independent & separated by small spaces (Santiago supported)

22
Q

What were the contributions of Charles Sherrington?

A

-Proved neurons connected by synapses by showing one cell could inhibit activity in another cell
-Provided words “Neuron” & “Synapse”

23
Q

What was the Soups’ belief?
-Who supported?

A

Cell communication was chemical
-Henry Dale & Otto Loewi

24
Q

What was the Sparks’ belief?
-Who supported?

A

Cell communication was electrical, creating small spark across synapse
-John Eccles

25
Q

What experiment solved the Soups vs. Sparks conflict?

A

2 hearts, 1 dream - Loewi & Vagusstoff
-Hearts from two frogs
-Proved chemical release/communication

26
Q

What were Rita Levi-Montalcini’s contributions?

A

-Studied chicks in bedroom to hide from Nazis
-Discovered neurotrophins & NGF

27
Q

What were Marian Diamond’s contributions?

A

Neuroplasticity - brain changes with experience
Studied Einstein’s brain (More glia)

28
Q

What were Karl Deisseroth’s contributions?

A

-Used optogenetics: Affect neuron activity using light/genetic engineering
-Generated opsins (light sensitive proteins) & cells activated when light administered

29
Q

What are the 5 principles of Ethics in human subjects research?

A
  1. Informed consent
  2. Minimize harm to participants
  3. Avoid Deception when possible
  4. Voluntary withdrawal
  5. Protect confidentiality
30
Q

What are the 3 R’s of Animal Research

A
  1. Replacement - Why animals necessary
  2. Reduction - Few # of animals possible
  3. Refinement - Find ways to make lives better
31
Q

Input zone

A

Neurons receive info via synapses at dendrites

32
Q

Integration zone

A

The soma integrates the info to decide whether to send a signal

33
Q

Conduction zone

A

Axon carries neuron’s electrical signals away from cell body

34
Q

Output zone

A

Swellings at axon terminals that transmit the signals across synapses to other cells

35
Q

What are most of the neurons in the brain?

A

Interneurons

36
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

many dendrites & single axons, most common

37
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

single dendrite at one end & single axon at other, common in sensory systems

38
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

single extension, usually considered axon, branches in 2 directions. Transmit touch information from body to spinal cord

39
Q

3 components of the synapse

A
  1. Presynaptic membrane of axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron
  2. Synaptic cleft - separates presynaptic & postsynaptic neurons
  3. Postsynaptic membrane on dendrite
40
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Tiny hollow spheres in presynaptic axon terminals. Each contains mols of neurotransmitters

41
Q

Functions of Axon hillock (3)

A
  1. Gathers & integrates info arriving
  2. Decides when neuron will produce own neural signals
  3. Neuron’s output info races down axon
42
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Moves materials toward axon terminals

43
Q

Retrograde transport

A

moves used materials back to soma for recycling

44
Q

Glial cells functions

A

Provide neuron with raw materials, chemical signals, & specialized structural components

45
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cells - in CNS, wrap around multiple axons

46
Q

Schwann cells

A

Glial cells - in PNS, wrap around a segment of one axon

47
Q

Astrocytes

A

Weave around/between neurons w/ tentacle extensions. Form tough outer membranes that swaddle brain & secrete chemical signals that affect synaptic transmission.

48
Q

Microgial cells

A

Contain & clean-up sites of energy

49
Q
A

Brain and Behavior (6 decks)

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