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epi test 1 > emerging infectious diseases > Flashcards

emerging infectious diseases Flashcards

1
Q

define emerging diseases

A
  1. previously unknown diseases that suddenly appear

2. OR known diseases that suddenly appear in a NEW population

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2
Q

define re-emerging diseases

A

known diseases that were previously on the decline and now becoming common

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3
Q

when foot & mouth diseases appeared in the UK, how was the disease stopped?

A

massive culling of cattle, sheep, and pigs

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4
Q

detection of a disease is done by who?

A

public, farmer, vet, pathologist, epidemiologist

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5
Q

investigation is done by who?

A

state and federal agencies

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6
Q

what is the job of those who detect the disease?

A

ID something weird, abnormal and unusual

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7
Q

what is the job of those who investigate the disease?

A

promote, communicate, & attract resources

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8
Q

what is the job of those that respond?

A

implement control, management of eradication, & mitigate

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9
Q

what are the stages of cross species disease emergence? (know these-shell give you scenarios of the disease and be able to say what stage it is!)

A
  1. pathogen is exclusive to animal reservoir (likes where it lives and stays in its normal environment)
  2. animal reservoir transmits to human or other animal (pathogen leaves normal reservoir and goes into human/animal but doesnt undergo further transmission)
  3. animal reservoir transmits to human or other animal with few cycles of transmission among them (pathogen leaves normal reservoir and goes into human/animal and undergoes a couple of cycles of transmission after)
  4. animal reservoir transmits to human/animals with sustained transmission among them
  5. pathogen is exclusive to new human/animal (pathogen likes the new host and stays there-exclusive!)
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10
Q

give 3 examples of stage 2 diseases

A
  1. rabies
  2. influenza H5N1
  3. west nile virus (and the other nile viruses! lol)
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11
Q

regarding rabies, who are the: reservoirs & dead end hosts?

regarding influenza H5N1, who are the: reservoirs & dead end host?

regarding west nile virus (and the other nile viruses), who are the reservoir & dead end hosts?

A
  1. carnivors and chiroptera (bats)
  2. horses & cattle
  3. waterfowl & poultry
  4. humans
  5. birds
  6. humans, horses, and dogs
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12
Q

how did humans contract H5N1?

A

being in close proximity to birds

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13
Q

give 2 examples of stage 3 diseases

A
  1. mcyoplasma bovis

2. nipah virus

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14
Q

regarding m. bovis, who is the reservoir and how is it transmitted from people to people?

regarding the nipah virus, who is the reservoir?

A
  1. cattle, bison, elk
  2. respiratory or ingestion of undercooked meat (poor person to person transmission though)
  3. fruit bats
    * theres human to human & pig to pig transmission!
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15
Q

what is the main clinical syndrome in nipah virus?

A

encephalitis (in humans & pigs)

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16
Q

gives 3 examples of a stage 4 disease

A
  1. swine influenza/H1N1
  2. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)
  3. schmallenberg virus
17
Q

regarding swine influenza/H1N1, who is the reservoir?

regarding SARA, who is the reservoir?

A
  1. fruit bats

1. swine

18
Q

swine influenza/H1N1 is a recombinant strain, this mean?

A

the segments in the current string have been “together”

19
Q

where was the first human case of swine flue/H1N1 recognized from?

A

Mexico

20
Q

where was the first swine case of swine flu/H1N1 recognized from?

A

canada

21
Q

give 5 examples of stage 5 diseases

A
  1. HIV/AIDS
  2. measles
  3. smallpox
  4. dengue fever
  5. yellow fever
22
Q

what is the origin of HIV/AIDS

A

non human primates

23
Q

what is the origin of measles?

A

cattle

24
Q

what is the origin of dengue fever?

A

old world primates

25
Q

what is the origin of yellow fever?

A

african primates

26
Q

t or f.

most pathogens like one host?

A

false.

they like multiple

27
Q

what % of pathogens have 1 host?

A

37%

28
Q

what makes a disease likely to emerge?

A

“drivers”

  1. land use changes
  2. food & ag systems
  3. environmental systems
  4. human behavior
29
Q

what % of emerging diseases of humans are zoonotic?

A

75%

30
Q

zoonotic pathogens are ____ as likely to be associated with emerging diseases.

A

twice

31
Q

when is a pathogen more likely to be transmitted?

a. between distant species
b. closely related species
c. within a species
d. who the fuck cares i hate epi

A

c. within a species

* pathogens are more likely to cross between closely related than distant one but within a species is much easier!

32
Q

t or f.

pathogens that cross between distantly related species cause more severe diseases?

A

true

33
Q

what type of viruses have more of a risk of emerging and why?

A

RNA viruses because they are more susceptible to mutation

34
Q

world meat production will _____ from 2010 to 2020

A

double

35
Q

how are livestock production companies transitioning in order to increase production to feed the world?

A

fewer/large livestock holdings

uniform genetics, production, & susceptibility

36
Q

what are the 4 portals of entry for transboundary diseases?

A
  1. animals & animal products (import & illegal)
  2. vectors
  3. fomites
  4. people
37
Q

t or f.
there are enough appropriately trained veterinarians capable of recognizing and treating exotic diseases of livestock in the US

A

false.

also lacking in ag diseases!

epi test 1 (7 decks)

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