emerging infectious diseases

Question 1

define emerging diseases

Answer 1

1. previously unknown diseases that suddenly appear

2. OR known diseases that suddenly appear in a NEW population

Question 2

define re-emerging diseases

Answer 2

known diseases that were previously on the decline and now becoming common

Question 3

when foot & mouth diseases appeared in the UK, how was the disease stopped?

Answer 3

massive culling of cattle, sheep, and pigs

Question 4

detection of a disease is done by who?

Answer 4

public, farmer, vet, pathologist, epidemiologist

Question 5

investigation is done by who?

Answer 5

state and federal agencies

Question 6

what is the job of those who detect the disease?

Answer 6

ID something weird, abnormal and unusual

Question 7

what is the job of those who investigate the disease?

Answer 7

promote, communicate, & attract resources

Question 8

what is the job of those that respond?

Answer 8

implement control, management of eradication, & mitigate

Question 9

what are the stages of cross species disease emergence? (know these-shell give you scenarios of the disease and be able to say what stage it is!)

Answer 9

1. pathogen is exclusive to animal reservoir (likes where it lives and stays in its normal environment)
2. animal reservoir transmits to human or other animal (pathogen leaves normal reservoir and goes into human/animal but doesnt undergo further transmission)
3. animal reservoir transmits to human or other animal with few cycles of transmission among them (pathogen leaves normal reservoir and goes into human/animal and undergoes a couple of cycles of transmission after)
4. animal reservoir transmits to human/animals with sustained transmission among them
5. pathogen is exclusive to new human/animal (pathogen likes the new host and stays there-exclusive!)

Question 10

give 3 examples of stage 2 diseases

Answer 10

1. rabies
2. influenza H5N1
3. west nile virus (and the other nile viruses! lol)

Question 11

regarding rabies, who are the: reservoirs & dead end hosts?

regarding influenza H5N1, who are the: reservoirs & dead end host?

regarding west nile virus (and the other nile viruses), who are the reservoir & dead end hosts?

Answer 11

1. carnivors and chiroptera (bats)
2. horses & cattle
3. waterfowl & poultry
4. humans
5. birds
6. humans, horses, and dogs

Question 12

how did humans contract H5N1?

Answer 12

being in close proximity to birds

Question 13

give 2 examples of stage 3 diseases

Answer 13

1. mcyoplasma bovis

2. nipah virus

Question 14

regarding m. bovis, who is the reservoir and how is it transmitted from people to people?

regarding the nipah virus, who is the reservoir?

Answer 14

1. cattle, bison, elk
2. respiratory or ingestion of undercooked meat (poor person to person transmission though)
3. fruit bats
   * theres human to human & pig to pig transmission!

Question 15

what is the main clinical syndrome in nipah virus?

Answer 15

encephalitis (in humans & pigs)

Question 16

gives 3 examples of a stage 4 disease

Answer 16

1. swine influenza/H1N1
2. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)
3. schmallenberg virus

Question 17

regarding swine influenza/H1N1, who is the reservoir?

regarding SARA, who is the reservoir?

Answer 17

1. fruit bats

1. swine

Question 18

swine influenza/H1N1 is a recombinant strain, this mean?

Answer 18

the segments in the current string have been “together”

Question 19

where was the first human case of swine flue/H1N1 recognized from?

Answer 19

Mexico

Question 20

where was the first swine case of swine flu/H1N1 recognized from?

Answer 20

canada

Question 21

give 5 examples of stage 5 diseases

Answer 21

1. HIV/AIDS
2. measles
3. smallpox
4. dengue fever
5. yellow fever

Question 22

what is the origin of HIV/AIDS

Answer 22

non human primates

Question 23

what is the origin of measles?

Answer 23

cattle

Question 24

what is the origin of dengue fever?

Answer 24

old world primates

Question 25

what is the origin of yellow fever?

Answer 25

african primates

Question 26

t or f. | most pathogens like one host?

Answer 26

false. | they like multiple

Question 27

what % of pathogens have 1 host?

Answer 27

37%

Question 28

what makes a disease likely to emerge?

Answer 28

"drivers" 1. land use changes 2. food & ag systems 3. environmental systems 4. human behavior

Question 29

what % of emerging diseases of humans are zoonotic?

Answer 29

75%

Question 30

zoonotic pathogens are ____ as likely to be associated with emerging diseases.

Answer 30

twice

Question 31

when is a pathogen more likely to be transmitted? a. between distant species b. closely related species c. within a species d. who the fuck cares i hate epi

Answer 31

c. within a species | * pathogens are more likely to cross between closely related than distant one but within a species is much easier!

Question 32

t or f. | pathogens that cross between distantly related species cause more severe diseases?

Answer 32

true

Question 33

what type of viruses have more of a risk of emerging and why?

Answer 33

RNA viruses because they are more susceptible to mutation

Question 34

world meat production will _____ from 2010 to 2020

Answer 34

double

Question 35

how are livestock production companies transitioning in order to increase production to feed the world?

Answer 35

fewer/large livestock holdings | uniform genetics, production, & susceptibility

Question 36

what are the 4 portals of entry for transboundary diseases?

Answer 36

1. animals & animal products (import & illegal) 2. vectors 3. fomites 4. people

Question 37

t or f. there are enough appropriately trained veterinarians capable of recognizing and treating exotic diseases of livestock in the US

Answer 37

false. | also lacking in ag diseases!