Emerging Infectious Diseases Flashcards
What is an infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or that has been known for some time but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range?
Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)
The cause?
Etiology
The number of new cases within a specified time period?
Incidence
The total number of cases in a given time period?
Prevalence
Number of cases resulting in illness/poor health?
Morbidity
The number of cases resulting in death?
Mortality
What is a disease present in a low but constant level in an area?
Endemic
What is an occurrence of disease greater than would be expected in a particular time and place (community)?
Outbreak
What is an outbreak that spreads throughout the area (for example- Statewide)?
Epidemic
What is an epidemic that spreads throughout the world?
Pandemic
What kind of diseases are required to be reported by the physician or the clinical laboratory to the local health department?
Certain diseases which are considered easily transmitted or potentially severe
With reportable disease, what can data collected over a number of years reveal?
Seasonal and long-term trends
What is flow of information regarding a reportable disease?
Local health department –> State health department –> CDC
What are examples of reportable diseases?
Look at slide 8
What is required to distinguish between endemic and epidemic disease?
Background information derived from surveillance
True or False: All countries conduct some degree of disease surveillance
TRUE
True or False: International organizations conduct global surveillance of some disease
TRUE
What agencies in the US keep track of EID?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: CDC
-Publish the MMWR (weekly) and EID (monthly)
What agencies worldwide keep track of EID?
World Health Organization (WHO)
What is a major determinant of the rate of transmission?
Population structure
What are the 2 most important properties of a population?
- Its density
2. The proportion of members who are susceptible to the disease
What is the ability of a population to resist serious epidemics because a significant proportion of its population is immune?
Herd Immunity
What is an important goal of vaccination programs?
Achieving herd immunity
What are 8 reasons how/why EIDs still exist?
- Human encroachment into undeveloped areas (Jungles)
- Population growth
- Increased worldwide travel.
- Increased worldwide trade of imported foods, plants and animals.
- Immigration
- Inadequacy of public health hygiene systems (Sanitation)
- Overuse/misuse of antibiotics
- Evolution/mutations of microbes
What is an example of a deadly outbreak?
SARS
What did SARS result in?
Outbreaks of severe pneumonia in healthy individuals first seen in November of 2002 in China
When did China finally report SARS to WHO?
February 2003
What are 7 symptoms of SARS?
- Fever >38 °C
- Lethargy
- Myalgia
- Cough
- Sore throat
- Diarrhea
- Difficulty breathing
Who identified SARS as a new and deadly disease on February 26, 2003?
The WHO physician Dr. Carlo Urbani
What ended up happening to Dr. Carlo Urbani?
- Several teams from the WHO and the CDC traveled to Asia to investigate including Dr. Urbani.
- Dr. Urbani’s team examined a 48-year-old businessman who had traveled from the Guangdong province of China through Hong Kong, to Hanoi, Vietnam where he died from the illness.
- Very shortly after examining the patient, Dr. Urbani developed symptoms.
- Dr. Urbani subsequently died from SARS on March 29, 2003, at the age of 46
List of random dates and facts about SARS?
- March 12, 2003: 55 cases in Hong Kong, Hanoi, Singapore
- Within 1 month: 3000 cases, 100 dead in 20 countries
- April 28th, 5000 cases
- May 2nd , 6000 (200 new cases/day)
- May 17th, 7761from 28 countries, 623 deaths
- At the end of the outbreak 8098 cases,774 deaths in total.
What allows global dissemination of diseases?
High-speed transportation
Where did the SARS outbreak begin?
Guangdong Province, China (on February 21, 2003)
Where did SARS spread after Guangdong Province,China?
Hong Kong, then all over the world
What countries had local transmission of SARS?
Hong Kong, Vietnam, Beijing, Singapore, Taiwan, Canada
What countries only had imported cases of SARS?
US, Thailand, UK, Ireland, Switzerland, Germany
Within how many days, more than 150 suspect and probably cases of SARS are reported from around the world?
23
With SARS, one person infected how many people on one floor of a hotel leading to international spread?
16
What is the CDC definition of a suspected case of SARS?
Respiratory illness of unknown etiology with onset since Feb. 1, 2003, and the following criteria:
1. Measured temperature over 100.4 F (Over 38C)
2. One or more clinical findings of respiratory illness like cough, SOB, difficulty breathing, hypoxia, or radiographic findings of either pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome
3. Travel within 10 days of onset of symptoms to an area with suspected or documented community transmission of SARS (excluding areas with secondary cases limited to health-care workers or direct household contacts)
OR
Close contact within 10 days of onset of symptoms with either a person with respiratory illness and tracel to a SARS area or a person under investigation or suspected of having SARS
What is SARS and example of?
A pandemic of our global age
- In just a few weeks, SARS had spread through air travel to at least three continents
- In the same amount of time, researchers working in no fewer than 10 countries collaborated to identify the virus, sequence its genome, and take steps toward rapid diagnosis
What is critical to do during outbreaks?
Educating the public
What can educating the public during outbreaks emphasize?
- Be aware of symptoms
- Get proper treatment
- Prevent transmission
What are 5 educational “messages” given during the SARS outbreak?
- Wear gauze mask
- Wash hands frequently
- Drink more water
- Ventilation
- Measure the body temperature
What caused SARS?
SARSCoV
Describe SARSCoV
Coronaviridae family
+ssRNA
Enveloped
Large
How are corona viruses transmitted?
Via respiratory aerosols
What do corona viruses infect?
Nasal epithelial cells
What temperature to corona viruses like?
33-35* C
How often to corona viruses cycle?
Every 2-4 years
When do infections with corona viruses usually occur?
Winter
What 3 categorizes of diseases have been previously linked to corona viruses?
- Common cold (15% in US), exacerbation of asthma and bronchitis
- Croup (HCoV-NL63) - Suspected in 1/5 deaths of children under 5 worldwide
- GI illness: Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, gastroenteritis, diarrhea in any age
What 3 things stopped SARS?
- Quaratine
- Cooperation and collaboration
- Travel restrictions
Who decided to quarantine themselves and help stop SARS?
- Of the first 60 patients with SARS, more than half were health care workers.
- At a certain moment, many of the staff members made the difficult decision to quarantine themselves.
- Decided to sleep in the hospital and effectively sealed themselves off from the outside world.
In 2010, what was there an outbreak of in California?
Pertussis, whooping cough… 9,143 confirmed, probably, and suspected cases
-Highest incidence in California since 1958
How many infants died of whooping cough in the 2010 California outbreak?
10
