Emergency Procedures

Question 1

the 2 bloodborne diseases of most concern to a personal trainer

Answer 1

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis

Question 2

a screening questionnaire that helps identify high-risk individuals for training

Answer 2

Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q)

Question 3

a federal law that ensures a victim’s privacy by putting him or her in control of who has access to personal health information

Answer 3

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Question 4

the “ABCs” of primary emergency assessment

Answer 4

check vital indicators:

• airways
• breathing
• circulation
• severe bleeding

Question 5

protocol when a victim is unresponsive

Answer 5

1) call EMS or have someone go and call for help
2) assume consent (implied consent) and check the ABCs
3) if no sign of trauma, perform a head-tilt chin-lift to open up the airway
4) check respiration by having an ear close to the mouth and listen for air movement for 5-10 seconds
5) if no breath is felt or heard or chest doesn’t visibly rise, give two breaths into the victim’s mouth
6) check for pulse (circulation) by gently pressing two fingers on the carotid artery (besides the trachea and in front of the neck) in 10 seconds or less
7) if no pulse, perform CPR, starting with chest compressions

Question 6

T/F: A secondary assessment is performed once a person is conscious and speaking, or is unconscious but with stable ABCs.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

secondary assessment checks

Answer 7

1) deformities
2) abrasions
3) tenderness
4) swelling
5) check for medical alert jewelry
6) take vital signs (pulse and blood pressure)
7) ask about signs/symptoms, allergies, and medications

Question 8

Chain of Survival (4 steps to increase likelihood of survival)

Answer 8

1) early access
2) early CPR
3) early defibrillation
4) early advanced care

Question 9

average time it takes for EMS to arrive

Answer 9

10 minutes

Question 10

T/F: Any CPR is better than none for the victim of cardiac arrest.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

T/F: CPR alone can change an abnormal heart rhythm.

Answer 11

False

Question 12

spasmodic quivering of the heart that is too fast to allow the heart chambers to adequately fill and empty, so little or no blood is pushed out to the body or lungs

Answer 12

ventricular fibrillation (VF)

Question 13

most common rhythm during cardiac arrest

Answer 13

ventricular fibrillation (VF)

Question 14

ideally when an AED should be used

Answer 14

within first 3-5 minutes (as soon as it becomes available)

Question 15

survival rate when shock is administered within first minute of cardiac arrest

Answer 15

90%

Question 16

What restarts when an AED shock is delivered?

Answer 16

sinoatrial node (SA)

Question 17

T/F: An AED should not be used on a child under 1 year old.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

T/F: Child pads (of an AED) should be used on children between the ages of 1 and 8.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Times when an AED should never be used

Answer 19

1) child under 1 year old
2) person is conscious
3) person is breathing
4) person has a pulse

Question 20

T/F: The federal law for AED use (Cardiac Arrest Survival Act) does not override state policies, but fills in the gaps for those states without Good Samaritan protection laws.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

difficult and labored breathing

Answer 21

dyspnea

Question 22

causes of dyspnea

Answer 22

1) blow to the chest
2) emotional stress
3) asthma
4) airway obstruction
5) heart problems

Question 23

dyspnea scale (4 levels)

Answer 23

+1 - mild, noticeable to the exerciser but not the observer
+2 - mild, some difficulty that is noticeable to the observer
+3 - moderate difficulty, client can continue to exercise
+4 - severe difficulty, client must stop exercising

Question 24

average respiratory rate for adults

Answer 24

12-20 breaths/min

Question 25

example of an early sign of dyspnea

Answer 25

pale, diaphoretic (sweaty) skin

Question 26

example of a late sign of dyspnea

Answer 26

cyanosis around the lips, nose, fingernails, and inner lining of the eyes

Question 27

"tripod" position for a conscious person with dyspnea

Answer 27

sitting up, leaning forward, and using the hands for support

Question 28

Heimlich maneuver protocol

Answer 28

1) stand behind victim 2) wrap both arms around victim's waist 3) make a fist with one hand, thumb side just above the belly button and the other hand grabs the fist 4) perform several upward thrusts to compress the diaphragm and force the object out of the victim's airway

Question 29

chronic inflammation of the airway with symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, tightness in the chest, and coughing

Answer 29

asthma

Question 30

percentage of maximal workload that can induce exercise-induced asthma (EIA) and exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB)

Answer 30

80% or more

Question 31

T/F: Unlike sudden cardiac death, which is an electrical abnormality that disrupts the heart rhythm, a heart attack is due to an obstruction in a coronary vessel that prevents part of the heart muscle from getting proper blood flow and oxygen.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

chest pressure or a squeezing feeling that may be mistaken for heartburn or indigestion

Answer 32

angina pectoris

Question 33

T/F: Most heart attack warning signs are not sudden and intense - most have a gradual onset that the person experiencing the symptoms does not realize what is happening.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What is the best way to react if someone is suffering from a possible heart attack?

Answer 34

call 9-1-1

Question 35

protocol for immediate treatment for someone experiencing possible syncope

Answer 35

have the person sit or lay down, drink plenty of fluids, and possible medication

Question 36

5 warning signs for stroke

Answer 36

1) Walk: off-balance walk? 2) Talk: slurred speech or droopy face? 3) Reach: weak or numb side? 4) See: partial or full vision loss? 5) Feel: severe headache?

Question 37

FDA-approved clot-busting medication that can reduce severity and speed recovery from a stroke if administered within the first 3 hours of the onset of symptoms

Answer 37

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Question 38

symptoms of this mimic a stroke but only causes temporary disability and last between 10-15 min and 1 hour

Answer 38

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Question 39

amount of carbs one should consume at the first suspicion of hypoglycemia

Answer 39

20-30 grams

Question 40

T/F: A person can resume exercise 15 minutes after hypoglycemic symptoms are gone.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

best time to exercise to avoid hypoglycemia

Answer 41

morning, 1-3 hours post meal consumption

Question 42

the end products of fat metabolism that signify the body is using fat for energy rather than glucose because of a lack of insulin

Answer 42

ketone bodies

Question 43

medications that can place stress on the body's thermoregulatory system

Answer 43

1) diuretics 2) antidepressants 3) antihistamines

Question 44

temporary swelling of the extremities, usually in people not acclimated to elevated temperatures

Answer 44

heat edema

Question 45

spasms that affect the arms, legs, and abdominals due to a loss of fluid and electrolytes, thereby causing cell size to decrease and affecting cell metabolism

Answer 45

heat cramps

Question 46

treatment for heat cramps

Answer 46

1) rest 2) direct pressure and release 3) gentle massage 4) replacing fluids and electrolytes 5) passive stretching

Question 47

T/F: Activity can be resumed 1-2 days after heat cramp symptoms have resolved.

Answer 47

True

Question 48

this can occur immediately after exercise due to blood pooling in the legs and not enough blood reaching the brain

Answer 48

heat syncope

Question 49

3 markers that decrease as a result of heat syncope

Answer 49

1) stroke volume 2) cardiac output 3) blood pressure

Question 50

factors that can help clients avoid heat illness

Answer 50

1) exercise during cooler times of the day (e.g., morning or evening) 2) more frequent water breaks 3) avoid exercise in extremely hot and humid conditions [wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) above 82 degrees] 4) for first 10-14 days (amount of time it takes to get acclimated to the heat) reduce intensity and take more breaks 5) drink plenty of fluids before, during, and after exercise 6) dress appropriately 7) be alert to early warning signs like fatigue and cramping

Question 51

3 components of weather that the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) combines and is presented in heat index tables

Answer 51

1) temperature 2) humidity 3) radiant heat

Question 52

apparent temperature where heat cramps or heat exhaustion is possible

Answer 52

90-105 F (32-41 C)

Question 53

apparent temperature where heat cramps or heat exhaustion is likely; heat stroke is possible

Answer 53

106-130 F (41-54 C)

Question 54

apparent temperature where heat stroke is highly likely

Answer 54

131-151 F (54-66 C)

Question 55

T/F: If someone is experiencing hypothermia, it is best to lay them down to prevent orthostatic hypotension (drop in blood pressure).

Answer 55

True

Question 56

T/F: It is not recommended to massage or heat with a heating pad, stove or fire, a frostbitten area, as this can cause a throbbing pain and swelling in the affected areas.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

description of different layers of clothing to prevent overexposure to cold weather/elements

Answer 57

- Inner layer: wick away moisture (lightweight, synthetic fabric like polyester or polypropylene) - Middle layer: insulation (fleece, wool) - Outer layer: protective coating but still allow moisture to evaporate (e.g., mesh in areas like the armpits)

Question 58

most common and well-known type of seizure

Answer 58

tonic clonic seizure / grand mal seizure

Question 59

emergency procedures for tonic clonic (grand mal) seizure

Answer 59

1) clear the area 2) place towel under the head 3) never restrain the victim or place anything in the mouth 4) have someone phone EMS

Question 60

several types of breaks that occur in the skin

Answer 60

1) abrasion 2) incision 3) laceration 4) avulsion 5) puncture

Question 61

a scraping of tissue from a fall against a rough surface, usually in one direction

Answer 61

abrasion

Question 62

a clean cut to the skin from a tensile force, likely from a sharp edge

Answer 62

incision

Question 63

a jagged tear of the skin caused by both shear and tensile forces

Answer 63

laceration

Question 64

a severe laceration, with skin torn away from the tissue below

Answer 64

avulsion

Question 65

a penetration of the skin by an object

Answer 65

puncture

Question 66

occurs when a compressive blow to the skin damages capillaries below the surface

Answer 66

bruise

Question 67

T/F: Tendons and ligaments are formed primarily from collagen tissue.

Answer 67

True

Question 68

T/F: It is not recommended to immobilize an injured joint for long as this may cause atrophy and strength loss

Answer 68

True

Question 69

examples of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Answer 69

aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen

Question 70

a disruption or break in bone continuity

Answer 70

fracture

Question 71

area of the body where stress fractures commonly occur

Answer 71

tibia

Question 72

signs of possible bone fracture

Answer 72

1) audible snap 2) abnormal motion or position of the injured limb 3) inability to bear weight on the limb 4) swelling 5) deformity 6) discoloration 7) pain or tenderness to the touch

Question 73

protocol for fractures

Answer 73

1) keep victim quiet and don't allow them to move or put weight on injured area 2) remove or cut away clothing that covers the injured area 3) cover an open fracture with a sterile gauze and activate EMS system, keeping the victim lying down 4) leave the protruding ends of bone where they are; if the victim must be transported then splint the limb to immobilize it

Question 74

these other symptoms need to be considered on top of loss of consciousness in order to determine a possible concussion

Answer 74

1) vacant stare 2) delayed verbal or motor responses 3) increased sensitivity to light or sound 4) irritability 5) depression 6) poor coordination 7) fatigue 8) sleep disturbances 9) loss of sense of taste or smell

Question 75

T/F: If there is no loss of consciousness then the concussion can be determined as minor.

Answer 75

False No concussion is ever minor

Question 76

also known as hypoperfusion; occurs when blood is not adequately distributed in the body and tissues do not receive the oxygen and nutrients needed for proper function and survival

Answer 76

shock

Question 77

4 major types of shock

Answer 77

1) hypovolemic 2) obstructive 3) distributive 4) cardiogenic

Question 78

occurs when fluid (e.g. blood) is lost as a result of severe dehydration or from severe internal or external bleeding

Answer 78

hypovolemic shock

Question 79

occurs when a blood clot or other mechanical obstruction does not allow blood to reach the heart

Answer 79

obstructive shock

Question 80

occurs when vessels are dilated and not allowing normal blood distribution; can occur from an allergy like a bee sting or food allergy

Answer 80

distributive shock

Question 81

the inadequate function of the heart resulting from heart attack or coronary artery disease

Answer 81

cardiogenic shock

Question 82

T/F: Hepatitis B and C are transmitted more easily than HIV.

Answer 82

True

Question 83

When is HIV considered to be AIDS?

Answer 83

an infected person's CD4 count is less than 200

Question 84

the region of the spine that is most prone to catastrophic injury

Answer 84

cervical spine

Question 85

a critical indicator that someone is suffering from heat stroke and in need of emergency treatment

Answer 85

altered mental status