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ACE Lessons 20&21: Common Injuries and Emergency Procedures and Injury Prevention > Common Musculoskeletal Injuries and Implications for Exercise > Flashcards

Common Musculoskeletal Injuries and Implications for Exercise Flashcards

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1
Q

Grading System for Muscle Strains

A
  • Grade 1: mild strain; few muscle fibers are torn; injured muscle is tender and painful with localized spasms
  • Grade 2: moderate strain; large number of fibers injured and more severe pain; mild swelling, noticeable loss of function, and bruising
  • Grade 3: complete tear; complete loss of function, severe pain, swelling, tenderness, discoloration, and palpable defect
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2
Q

risk factors for hamstring muscle strain

A

1) poor flexibility
2) poor posture
3) muscle imbalance
4) improper warm-up
5) training errors

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3
Q

sports where hip muscle strains are common

A

1) ice hockey
2) figure skating
3) sports that require explosive acceleration, deceleration, and change in direction with a lateral component

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4
Q

most prevalent risk factor for hip muscle strain

A

muscle imbalance between hip abductors and adductors

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5
Q

risk factors for calf muscle strains

A

1) muscle fatigue
2) fluid and electrolyte depletion
3) forced knee extension while foot is dorsiflexed
4) forced dorsiflexion while the knee is extended

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6
Q

most common joints for sprains (4 of them)

A

1) ankle
2) knee
3) thumb/finger
4) shoulder

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7
Q

Grading System for Ligament Sprains

A
  • Grade 1: minimal tenderness and impairment; RICE acute care
  • Grade 2: moderate tenderness and impairment with decreased ROM; RICE and physical evaluation for acute care
  • Grade 3: significant swelling and impairment with instability; acute care is immobilization with air splint, RICE, and prompt physician evaluation
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8
Q

T/F: Males are at a two- to -ten-fold greater risk of ACL injury than females.

A

False

Females are at greater risk

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9
Q

T/F: ACL injuries are more prevalent than MCL injuries, although it is common for both to be injured at the same time.

A

True

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10
Q

how injury to the MCL is isolated

A

impact to the outer knee with no twisting involved

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11
Q

common medical conditions of overuse/overtraining

A

1) tendinitis
2) bursitis
3) fasciitis

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12
Q

inflammation of the tendon

A

tendinitis

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13
Q

common areas of the body where tendinitis is diagnosed

A

shoulders, elbow, knees, and ankles

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14
Q

inflammation of the bursa sac due to acute trauma, repetitive stress, muscle imbalance, or muscle tightness on top of the bursa

A

bursitis

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15
Q

common areas of the body where bursitis is diagnosed

A

shoulders, hips, and knees

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16
Q

inflammation of connective tissue (fascia)

A

fasciitis

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17
Q

common areas of the body where fasciitis is diagnosed

A

bottom and back of the foot

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18
Q

the two types of knee cartilage

A

1) hyaline - covers the bone

2) menisci - act as shock absorbers

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19
Q

the multiple functions of the menisci cartilage

A

1) shock absorption
2) stability
3) joint congruency
4) lubrication
5) proprioception

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20
Q

T/F: Meniscal injuries usually result from trauma, commonly associated with a combination of loading and twisting of the joint, or occur in conjunction with ACL tears (i.e., lateral meniscus) or MCL tears (i.e., medial meniscus).

A

True

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21
Q

a softening or wearing away of the cartilage behind the patella, resulting in pain and inflammation

A

chondromalacia

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22
Q

common causes of chondromalacia

A

1) improper training methods (e.g., overtraining)
2) sudden changes in training surface
3) lower-extremity muscle weakness and/or tightness
4) foot overpronation (i.e., flat feet)

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23
Q

common symptom of chondromalacia

A

knee pain that increases when walking up or down stairs

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24
Q

another term for low-impact bone fracture

A

stress fracture

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25
Q

another term for high-impact bone fracture

A

pathological fracture

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26
Q

signs and symptoms of stress fractures

A

1) progressive pain that worsens with weight-bearing activity
2) focal pain
3) pain at rest
4) local swelling

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27
Q

sports/athletes that commonly suffer from stress fractures

A

1) distance runners
2) track athletes
3) court sport athletes (e.g., basketball, volleyball)

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28
Q

persons that commonly suffer from pathological (high-impact) fractures

A

1) motor vehicle accident

2) high-impact sports (e.g., football, rugby)

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29
Q

medical conditions that can increase risks for fracture

A

1) infection
2) cancer
3) osteoporosis

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30
Q

3 phases of tissue healing

A

1) inflammatory phase
2) fibroblastic/proliferation phase
3) maturation/remodeling phase

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31
Q

time frame of the inflammatory phase of tissue healing

A

up to 6 days

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32
Q

focus of the inflammatory phase of tissue healing

A

immobilize the injured area and increase blood flow to bring oxygen and nutrients to rebuild the damaged tissue

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33
Q

time frame of the fibroblastic/proliferation phase

A

starts at day 3 and lasts approx until day 21

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34
Q

process of the fibroblastic/proliferation phase

A

wound is filled with collagen and other cells, eventually forming a scar; within 2-3 weeks the wound can resist normal stresses but wound strength continues to build for several months

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35
Q

time frame of the maturation/remodeling phase

A

begins approx at day 3 and can last up to 2 years

36
Q

process of the maturation/remodeling phase

A

remodeling the scar, rebuilding the bone, and/or strengthening the tissue

37
Q

signs and symptoms of tissue inflammation

A

1) pain
2) redness
3) swelling
4) warmth
5) loss of function

38
Q

T/F: It is within the PT’s scope of practice to diagnose a client’s injury.

A

False

39
Q

The most important question and PT must answer when performing a client’s medical history and assessment

A

Is the client appropriate for exercise or should they be cleared by a medical professional?

40
Q

T/F: If a client has a localized injury (e.g., ankle sprain), they should still be able to participate in a modified exercise program using non-injured parts of the body.

A

True

41
Q

How often should ice be applied to an acute injury when using the RICE protocol?

A

10-20 min each hour until the tendency for swelling has passed

42
Q

What does elevation of the acute injury help do and/or prevent?

A

1) control and reduce swelling
2) reduce hemorrhage
3) reduce inflammation
4) reduce pain

43
Q

the joint with the largest ROM

A

shoulder joint

44
Q

Conservative Management of Common Musculoskeletal Injuries

A

1) avoid aggravating activities or movements
2) physical therapy
3) modalities (e.g., ice and heat)
4) oral anti-inflammatory medication
5) cortisone injections

45
Q

exercise protocols for a client recovering from a shoulder strain and/or sprain

A

1) strengthen scapular stabilizers (rhomboids, middle trapezius, and serratus anterior) and rotator cuff
2) stretching major muscle groups around the shoulder to restore proper length to these muscles

46
Q

T/F: A common modification of the overhead press is having the client not fully extend the arms and position the shoulders more toward the front of the body (scapular plane, 30 degrees anterior to the frontal plane) which helps prevent impingement (pinching) of shoulder structures.

A

True

47
Q

exercise programming for a client recovering from a rotator cuff injury

A

typically immobilized for 6-8 weeks (only passive activity) and can be cleared for gym activity after 16 weeks (transition from physical therapy) - exercise guidelines come from a physical therapist or surgeon

48
Q

two common elbow tendinitis injuries

A

1) lateral epicondylitis

2) medial epicondylitis

49
Q

commonly called “tennis elbow”; overuse or repetitive-trauma injury of the wrist extensor muscle tendons

A

lateral epicondylitis

50
Q

commonly called “golfer’s elbow”; overuse or repetitive-trauma injury of the wrist flexor muscle tendons

A

medial epicondylitis

51
Q

goal of exercise programming for elbow tendinitis

A

regaining strength and flexibility of the flexor/pronator and extensor/supinator muscles of the wrist and elbow

52
Q

exercise protocol for clients with elbow tendinitis

A

1) avoid high-rep activity
2) low weight and reps for biceps and wrist curls
3) use caution with full elbow extension exercises (e.g., dumbbell front raises)

53
Q

goal of exercise programming for carpal tunnel

A

regaining strength and flexibility in the elbow, wrist, and finger flexors and extensors

54
Q

exercise protocol for clients with carpal tunnel

A

avoid movement with full wrist flexion or extension

55
Q

athletes commonly affected by greater trochanteric bursitis

A

female runners, cross-country skiers, and ballet dancers

56
Q

major sign/symptom of greater trochanteric bursitis

A

walking with a limp (e.g., Trendelenberg gait)

57
Q

goal of exercise programming for greater trochanteric bursitis

A

regaining flexibility and strength at the hip through:

1) stretching the IT band, hamstrings, and quads
2) strengthening the gluteals and deeper hip rotator muscles
3) proper gait techniques in walking and running

58
Q

exercise protocol for clients with greater trochanteric bursitis

A

1) avoid side-lying positions that compress the lateral hip
2) higher-loading activities for the legs
3) possible benefit for aquatic exercise

59
Q

5 recommendations for proper footwear

A

1) get fitted either at end of the day or at time of exercise
2) width of index finger is the appropriate space between longest toe and end of the shoe
3) ball of the foot matches the widest part of the shoe
4) shoes should not pinch or rub any area of the foot or ankle
5) wear the same socks that would be worn for exercise

60
Q

a repetitive overuse condition that occurs when the distal portion of the IT band rubs against the lateral femoral epicondyle and is caused primarily by training errors

A

iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS)

61
Q

athletes commonly affected by ITBS

A

runners, cyclists, volleyball players, and weight lifters

62
Q

signs and symptoms of ITBS

A

tightness, burning, or pain at the lateral aspect of the knee during activity

63
Q

goal of exercise programming for ITBS

A

regaining flexibility and strength at the hip and lateral thigh

64
Q

exercise protocol for clients with ITBS

A

avoid higher-loading activities such as lunges or squats; lunges and squats may be limited to 45 degrees of knee flexion and gradually progress to 90 degrees

65
Q

often called “anterior knee pain” or “runner’s knee”

A

patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS)

66
Q

3 categories/causes of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS)

A

1) overuse
2) biomechanical
3) muscle dysfunction

67
Q

signs and symptoms of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS)

A

experience pain when ascending or descending stairs, squatting, prolonged sitting, running

68
Q

goal of exercise programming for patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS)

A

restoring proper flexibility and strength in hip, knee, and ankle, as well as hamstrings and calves

69
Q

exercise protocol for clients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS)

A

focus on closed-chain exercises (e.g., squats and lunges) and avoid open-chain exercises (e.g. leg extensions)

70
Q

often called “jumper’s knee” and is an inflammation of the patellar tendon at the insertion of the distal part of the patella and proximal tibia

A

infrapatellar tendinitis

71
Q

goal of exercise programming for infrapatellar tendinitis

A

restore flexibility and strength in the lower extremity

72
Q

inflammation of the periosteum (connective tissue covering the bone) and also called posterior shin splints

A

medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)

73
Q

most common type of ankle sprain

A

lateral (inversion) ankle sprain

74
Q

amount of time before a client can exercise post ankle sprain (dependent upon grade)

A
  • Grade 1: 1-2 weeks
  • Grade 2: 4-8 weeks
  • Grade 3: 12-16 weeks
75
Q

goal of exercise programming for ankle sprains

A

restore proprioception, flexibility, stability, and strength

76
Q

exercise progression for clients recovering from ankle sprains

A

1) straight-plane motions (e.g., forward running)
2) side-to-side motions (e.g., sidestepping)
3) multidirectional motions (e.g., carioca)

77
Q

intrinsic risk factors for achilles tendinitis

A

1) age
2) pes cavus
3) pes planus
4) leg-length disparities
5) lateral ankle instability

78
Q

extrinsic risk factors for achilles tendinitis

A

1) training errors
2) prior injuries
3) poor footwear
4) muscle weakness
5) poor flexibility

79
Q

T/F: Controlled eccentric strengthening of the calf complex has been shown to be beneficial in helping relieve symptoms.

A

True

80
Q

intrinsic factors of plantar fasciitis

A

1) pes planus

2) pes cavus

81
Q

extrinsic factors of plantar fasciitis

A

1) overtraining
2) improper footwear
3) obesity
4) unyielding surfaces

82
Q

exercise programming for clients with plantar fasciitis

A

integrating specific foot exercises, but do not excessively overload the foot; stretching the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantar fascia and self-myofascial release using a golf ball, baseball, or dumbbell

83
Q

the nerve most commonly compressed due to carpal tunnel syndrome

A

median nerve

84
Q

where a client with IT band syndrome may have issues

A

1) weakness in hip abductors
2) IT band shortening
3) tenderness throughout the IT band complex

85
Q

muscles to be stretched to help relieve symptoms of medial tibial stress syndrome and/or anterior shin splints

A

soleus and anterior compartment of the lower leg

86
Q

type of injury that can be classified as longitudinal, oblique, transverse, or compression

A

stress fractures

87
Q

most commonly reported knee injury involves damage to the…

A

menisci

ACE Lessons 20&21: Common Injuries and Emergency Procedures and Injury Prevention (3 decks)

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