Emergencies Flashcards
an event independent of human willpower, caused by an external force, acts rapidly and results in bodily or mental damage
Accident
“the physical damage that results when a human body is suddenly subjected to energy (mechanical, thermal, chemical or radiated) in amounts exceeding threshold of physiological tolerance or the result of a lack of one or more vital elements, such as oxygen”
Injury
implies random event that cannot be prevented
Accident
a medical condition with defined risk and protective factors, hence, can be controlled and prevented
Injury
the term accident prevention has been replaced by
injury control
CHILDHOOD ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES
ppt
most commonly injured sites, with deep 2nd degree friction injury sometimes associated with fractures of __
Hands
fingers
major cause of morbidity and mortality in house fires
smoke inhalation
approximately 18% of burns are the result of child abuse, usually ___.
scalds
flame burns accound for ___%
13
classification of burn injury according to degree of severity
1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree
4th degree
classification of burn injury according to depth of injury
Partial thickness
Full thickness
zone of tissue injury. center of burn wound and represents actual tissue damage
zone of coagulation
zone of tissue injury. the surrounding area and represents areas of potential tissue loss
zone of stasis
zone of tissue injury. outer ring. unburned tissue that is inflamed
zone of hyperemia
burn wound pathophysiology
changes in capillary permeability allow plasma to seep into interstitial spaces.
the sodium pump fails and sodium remains in the cell.
there is a corresponding increase in serum potassium.
pag may blisters, anong degree?
2nd degree burn
depth of burn wounds. 1st degree
epidermis
depth of burn wounds. 2nd degree
corium
depth of burn wounds. 3rd degree
fat
classification of burn injury according to depth of injury.
epidermis remains intact and without blisters.
erythema; skin blanches with pressure. pain. epidermis (sweat duct, capillary)
1st degree
classification of burn injury according to depth of injury. wet, shiny, weeping surface. blisters. wound blanches with pressure. painful. sensitive to touch, air currents. dermis. subQ, nerve endings, hair follicle.
2nd degree
classification of burn injury according to depth of injury. color variable (deep red, white, black, brown). surface dry, thrombosed vessels visible, no blanching. insensate (decreased pinprick sensation). sweat gland, fat, blood vessel. autografting.
3rd degree
classification of burn injury according to depth of injury. color variable, charring visible in deepest areas, extremity movement limited. insensate. bone. amputation, autografting
4th degree
burns involving the face, eyes, ears, hands, feet, and perineum likely to result in functional or cosmetic disability
major burn injury
first aid for pain
analgesics
high voltage electrical burn injury
major burn injury
all burn injuries with concomitant inhalation injury or major trauma
major burn injury
less than 10% TBSA full-thickness burn without cosmetic or functional risk of face, eyes, ears, hands, feet, or perineum
moderate burn injury
less than 2% TBSA full-thickness burn without cosmetic or functional risk of face, eyes, ears, hands, feet, or perineum
minor burn injury
burn initial assessment should first include
airway, breathing, circulation
RMR x Activity Factor x Injury Factor
Modified Harris-Benedict
strongest determinant of mortality from burns, mostly from fires in the home
smoke inhalation
highest death rates in burns
infants
lowest death rates in burns
10-14 yo
The death rate climbs again at which age.
15-19 yo
important cause in overall morbidity from burns, and a significant cause of disability
scalds and contact burns
Unawareness of risks
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
a
Lack of experience
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
a
Need to explore and innovate
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
a
Role models (motorcyclist as hero)
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
a
Risk-taking behavior
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
a
Use of a motor vehicle to build up self-esteem
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
a
Psychological maladjustments (extreme personality traits, unbalanced personality)
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
a
Sociopathic behavior (aggressiveness, deviance)
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
a
Family dysfunctions (chronic family syndrome)
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
a
Habitual use of a two-wheeled vehicle without due protection
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
b
Lack of body protection (helmet, gloves, etc.)
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
b
Increased commercial advertising promoting vehicles that are dangerous
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
b
Inadequate age-specific driving regulations
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
b
Inadequate enforcement of existing laws
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
b
Increasing need to make long trips to and from work, school, etc.
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
b
Inadequately or excessively expensive public transport
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
b
Heightened emotional tension (endocrinological and psychological)
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
c
Alcoholic condition
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
c
Driving under influence of medicines or drugs (especially hallucinogenic)
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
c
Special traffic conditions
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
c
Social pressure to “perform” in a certain way (traveling in groups)
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
c
Use of poorly maintained vehicles
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
c
Use of stolen vehicles
a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors
c
age with highest % of death due to injuries
15-19 yo in us
10-14 in ph
top 2 causes of child injury deaths
- road traffic injuries
2. drowning
3rd leading cause of injury death in children 1–4 yr of age (infantile) and 2nd leading cause in 15–19 yr old (adolescent)
homicide
Injuries most common cause of death when
beyond 1st few mo of life
3rd leading cause of death for 15–19 yr old
suicide
most common injury (in PH) for children to miss school
sharp objects
a child’s behavioral style
Temperament
irregular rhythm, high energy, negative mood, low adaptability
Difficult child:
opposite of child with irregular rhythm, high energy, negative mood, low adaptability
easy child
low activity, positive approach, highly adaptable, mild energy
Slow to warm up child
interest in accomplishing a task
motivation
Motivation
Normal drive for autonomy
Interest in imitating behavior
Risk-taking or self-destructive behaviors
level of functioning
Competencies
sometimes lose touch with reality combined with innate need for experimentation and tendency to imitate older persons
adolescents
Two major causes of death
Airway compromise
Unrecognized hemorrhage