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Y2 Pediatrics > Emergencies > Flashcards

Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

an event independent of human willpower, caused by an external force, acts rapidly and results in bodily or mental damage

A

Accident

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2
Q

“the physical damage that results when a human body is suddenly subjected to energy (mechanical, thermal, chemical or radiated) in amounts exceeding threshold of physiological tolerance or the result of a lack of one or more vital elements, such as oxygen”

A

Injury

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3
Q

implies random event that cannot be prevented

A

Accident

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4
Q

a medical condition with defined risk and protective factors, hence, can be controlled and prevented

A

Injury

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5
Q

the term accident prevention has been replaced by

A

injury control

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6
Q

CHILDHOOD ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES

A

ppt

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7
Q

most commonly injured sites, with deep 2nd degree friction injury sometimes associated with fractures of __

A

Hands

fingers

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8
Q

major cause of morbidity and mortality in house fires

A

smoke inhalation

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9
Q

approximately 18% of burns are the result of child abuse, usually ___.

A

scalds

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10
Q

flame burns accound for ___%

A

13

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11
Q

classification of burn injury according to degree of severity

A

1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree
4th degree

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12
Q

classification of burn injury according to depth of injury

A

Partial thickness

Full thickness

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13
Q

zone of tissue injury. center of burn wound and represents actual tissue damage

A

zone of coagulation

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14
Q

zone of tissue injury. the surrounding area and represents areas of potential tissue loss

A

zone of stasis

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15
Q

zone of tissue injury. outer ring. unburned tissue that is inflamed

A

zone of hyperemia

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16
Q

burn wound pathophysiology

A

changes in capillary permeability allow plasma to seep into interstitial spaces.
the sodium pump fails and sodium remains in the cell.
there is a corresponding increase in serum potassium.

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17
Q

pag may blisters, anong degree?

A

2nd degree burn

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18
Q

depth of burn wounds. 1st degree

A

epidermis

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19
Q

depth of burn wounds. 2nd degree

A

corium

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20
Q

depth of burn wounds. 3rd degree

A

fat

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21
Q

classification of burn injury according to depth of injury.
epidermis remains intact and without blisters.
erythema; skin blanches with pressure. pain. epidermis (sweat duct, capillary)

A

1st degree

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22
Q

classification of burn injury according to depth of injury. wet, shiny, weeping surface. blisters. wound blanches with pressure. painful. sensitive to touch, air currents. dermis. subQ, nerve endings, hair follicle.

A

2nd degree

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23
Q

classification of burn injury according to depth of injury. color variable (deep red, white, black, brown). surface dry, thrombosed vessels visible, no blanching. insensate (decreased pinprick sensation). sweat gland, fat, blood vessel. autografting.

A

3rd degree

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24
Q

classification of burn injury according to depth of injury. color variable, charring visible in deepest areas, extremity movement limited. insensate. bone. amputation, autografting

A

4th degree

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25
Q

burns involving the face, eyes, ears, hands, feet, and perineum likely to result in functional or cosmetic disability

A

major burn injury

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26
Q

first aid for pain

A

analgesics

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27
Q

high voltage electrical burn injury

A

major burn injury

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28
Q

all burn injuries with concomitant inhalation injury or major trauma

A

major burn injury

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29
Q

less than 10% TBSA full-thickness burn without cosmetic or functional risk of face, eyes, ears, hands, feet, or perineum

A

moderate burn injury

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30
Q

less than 2% TBSA full-thickness burn without cosmetic or functional risk of face, eyes, ears, hands, feet, or perineum

A

minor burn injury

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31
Q

burn initial assessment should first include

A

airway, breathing, circulation

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32
Q

RMR x Activity Factor x Injury Factor

A

Modified Harris-Benedict

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33
Q

strongest determinant of mortality from burns, mostly from fires in the home

A

smoke inhalation

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34
Q

highest death rates in burns

A

infants

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35
Q

lowest death rates in burns

A

10-14 yo

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36
Q

The death rate climbs again at which age.

A

15-19 yo

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37
Q

important cause in overall morbidity from burns, and a significant cause of disability

A

scalds and contact burns

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38
Q

Unawareness of risks

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

a

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39
Q

Lack of experience

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

a

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40
Q

Need to explore and innovate

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

a

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41
Q

Role models (motorcyclist as hero)

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

a

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42
Q

Risk-taking behavior

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

a

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43
Q

Use of a motor vehicle to build up self-esteem

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

a

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44
Q

Psychological maladjustments (extreme personality traits, unbalanced personality)

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

a

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45
Q

Sociopathic behavior (aggressiveness, deviance)

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

a

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46
Q

Family dysfunctions (chronic family syndrome)

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

a

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47
Q

Habitual use of a two-wheeled vehicle without due protection

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

b

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48
Q

Lack of body protection (helmet, gloves, etc.)

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

b

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49
Q

Increased commercial advertising promoting vehicles that are dangerous

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

b

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50
Q

Inadequate age-specific driving regulations

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

b

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51
Q

Inadequate enforcement of existing laws

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

b

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52
Q

Increasing need to make long trips to and from work, school, etc.

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

b

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53
Q

Inadequately or excessively expensive public transport

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

b

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54
Q

Heightened emotional tension (endocrinological and psychological)

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

c

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55
Q

Alcoholic condition

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

c

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56
Q

Driving under influence of medicines or drugs (especially hallucinogenic)

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

c

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57
Q

Special traffic conditions

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

c

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58
Q

Social pressure to “perform” in a certain way (traveling in groups)

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

c

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59
Q

Use of poorly maintained vehicles

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

c

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60
Q

Use of stolen vehicles

a. Psychosocial (endogenous) Predisposing Factors
b. Environmental (exogenous) Predisposing Factors
c. Precipitating Factors

A

c

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61
Q

age with highest % of death due to injuries

A

15-19 yo in us

10-14 in ph

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62
Q

top 2 causes of child injury deaths

A
  1. road traffic injuries

2. drowning

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63
Q

3rd leading cause of injury death in children 1–4 yr of age (infantile) and 2nd leading cause in 15–19 yr old (adolescent)

A

homicide

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64
Q

Injuries most common cause of death when

A

beyond 1st few mo of life

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65
Q

3rd leading cause of death for 15–19 yr old

A

suicide

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66
Q

most common injury (in PH) for children to miss school

A

sharp objects

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67
Q

a child’s behavioral style

A

Temperament

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68
Q

irregular rhythm, high energy, negative mood, low adaptability

A

Difficult child:

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69
Q

opposite of child with irregular rhythm, high energy, negative mood, low adaptability

A

easy child

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70
Q

low activity, positive approach, highly adaptable, mild energy

A

Slow to warm up child

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71
Q

interest in accomplishing a task

A

motivation

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72
Q

Motivation

A

Normal drive for autonomy
Interest in imitating behavior
Risk-taking or self-destructive behaviors

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73
Q

level of functioning

A

Competencies

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74
Q

sometimes lose touch with reality combined with innate need for experimentation and tendency to imitate older persons

A

adolescents

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75
Q

Two major causes of death

A

Airway compromise

Unrecognized hemorrhage

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76
Q

Traumatic injuries that may affect successful resuscitation:

A

Cervical spine injury
Hemorrhage
Chest trauma

77
Q

Three DELAYS that KILL!

A

DELAY in decision-making
DELAY in transporting patient
DELAY in managing patient

78
Q

Principles of Injury Control

A

Education or persuasion
Changes in product design
Modification of social (laws) or physical environment

79
Q

Control external hemorrhage immediately by

A

direct pressure over the wound

80
Q

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

81
Q

respiratory alkalosis with an anion gap

A

salicylates

82
Q

late sequelae includes pyloric and intestinal scarring with stenosis

A

iron poisoning

83
Q

peripheral blood smear may show microcytic anemia, basophilic stippling, and RBC precursors

A

lead poisoning

84
Q

classic PE findings, although uncommon inc cherry red skin

A

carbon monoxide poisoning

85
Q

antidote is N-acetylcysteine

A

acetaminophen

86
Q

inhalation injury is the most important predictor of mortality

A

burn injury

87
Q

major damage concealed, visible areas are necrotic tissues

A

electrical injury

88
Q

produce a coagulative necrosis and liquefactive necrosis of tissues

A

chemical injury

89
Q

leads the list of injuries beyond infancy

A

vehicular accidents

90
Q

most common in infants

A

fall injury

91
Q

head tilted back with mouth open

A

near drowning

92
Q

may result in pulmonary edema

A

near drowning

93
Q

commonly occurs in children less than 3 yo

A

foreign body aspiration

94
Q

Heimlich maneuver

A

foreign body aspiration

95
Q

head tilt chin maneuver

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

96
Q

bolus fluid resuscitation therapy: 20mL/kg isotonic crystalloid solution administered ASAP

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation and shock

97
Q

inotropes for poor perfusion or hypotension with adequate volume and stable rhythm

A

shock and CPR

98
Q

treat acid base imbalance

A

shock and CPR

99
Q

cricothyrotomy

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

100
Q

60% of poisoning occurs in this age group

101
Q

age group where suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death

102
Q

suffocation occurs in about 50% of all intestinal(?) deaths

103
Q

age group where burn injuries rank lowest

104
Q

peak of foreign body aspiration

105
Q

eythema

A

1st degree burn

106
Q

thrombosed veins visible

A

3rd degree burn

107
Q

very sensitive to touch or currents

A

2nd degree burn

108
Q

desquamation in 3-7 days

A

1st degree burn

109
Q

extremity movement limited

A

4th degree burn

110
Q

preferred gastric decontamination is WBI

A

iron poisoning

111
Q

directly related to glutathione during its metab by CYP 450

A

acetaminophen

112
Q

o2 is displaced from hemoglobin molecure

A

CO poisoning

113
Q

Tinnitus

A

salicylate poisoning

114
Q

dialysis may be required in life threatening situation

A

salicylate poisoning

115
Q

hypertension is manifested when blood loss is about 25%

A

trauma/ hypovolemic shok

116
Q

52% occurs in the right main bronchus

A

foreign body aspiration

117
Q

pulmonary edema and atelectasis are expected complications

A

near drowning

118
Q

using 2 fingers in chest compression

119
Q

presence of congenital heart disease may be an etiological factor

A

cardiogenic shock

120
Q

center of burn wound and actual tissue damage

A

zone of coagulation

121
Q

wet, weeping surface of the skin

A

2nd degree burn

122
Q

more than or = to 25% volume loss

123
Q

inadequate ventilation of oxygenation

A

respiratory failure

124
Q

insufficient ventilation, oxygenation and perfusion

A

cardiopulmonary failure

125
Q

with generalized seizures, metabolic acidosis and coma

A

isoniazid poisoning

126
Q

has 200x more affinity to Hgb than O2

A

carbon monoxide

127
Q

induces parasympathetic effects

A

organophosphate poisoning

128
Q

pattie had a seizure 30mins after ingetsing the toxic dose of

A

isoniazid poisoning

129
Q

uses Rumack-Matthew Normogram

A

Acetaminophen Poisoning

130
Q

hemodialysis is indicated

A

salycilate poisoning

131
Q

most common lower airway object

132
Q

maneuver in older children and adults

A

Heimlich maneuver

133
Q

most common cause of accidents in toddlers and children

A

motor vehicle accident

134
Q

salt water drowning is associated with

A

Pulmonary edema

135
Q

bradycardia is most common in

A

cold water drowning

136
Q

15 mo old child suffering 2nd degree burn is best assessed using

A

Lund and browder Chart

137
Q

secondary gram positive infections in burn patients is caused by

138
Q

Fracture of distal radius and ulna

A

Colle’s fracture

139
Q

Low-energy forces

A

toddler’s fracture

140
Q

supination and flexion of elbow is used in

A

Pulled elbow

141
Q

air passes in and out, no radiographic changes and S/Sx

A

bypass valve

142
Q

most corrosive componen of coins

143
Q

Most corrosive component of button batteries

144
Q

concentration used in isopropyl alcohol

145
Q

urine coproporphyrin is during Pb toxicity. what is the unusual normal level?

146
Q

during Hyperbaric Tx, CO is decreased within how many mins?

A

20-30 mins

147
Q

max dose of Vit B6 in children and adult, respectively

A

child 20g

adult 40g

148
Q

ratio of vitB6 to INH ingestion

149
Q

atropin sulfate is given how many dosage? route?

A

0.03-0.04mg/kg IV

150
Q

isoniazid toxicity level in adult and child respectively

A

child 10-20 mg/kg/day

adult 300mg

151
Q

plumbism occurs in 3 ways.

A

inhalation, ingestion, cutaneous contamination

152
Q

triad in INH toxicity

A

generalized edema,
metabolic acidosis,
coma

153
Q

NaHCO3 for acidosis what dose and route during INH toxicity

A

1-2 meQ/kg IV

154
Q

clinical symptoms of Plumbism in blood is

155
Q

lethal dose in Ethanol alcohol in children and adult respectively

A

child 3g/kg

adult 5-8 g/kg

156
Q

use of containers for drugs and other dangerous household products.

active or passive intervention?

157
Q

use of proper labeling in household products

active or passive intervention?

158
Q

change of behavior by parents or caretakers to prevent untoward incidents of drugs or household toxicity

159
Q

abnormal ABG and ECG is noted

A

carbon monoxide

160
Q

hemodialysis can be assessed as tx

A

isopropyl alcohol

161
Q

lab findings are acetonia, acetonuria and metabolic acidosis

A

isopropyl alcohol

162
Q

immediately absorbed in GIT (30mins)

A

isopropyl alcohol

163
Q

2 agents said to be rapidly absorbed

A

INH

Ethanol

164
Q

metallic taste

A

lead toxicity

165
Q

prescribed as cough medication

A

INH toxicity

166
Q

requires chelation therapy

A

lead toxicity

167
Q

peroxynitrate is known as the toxic metabolite seen in what condition

A

CO poisoning

168
Q

Increase in ICP, edema, and more likely will lead to death is

169
Q

fastric decontaminantion where ativated charcoal can be used is the mgt of

A

INH toxicity

170
Q

motor incoordination, dizziness and slurred speech

171
Q

hypotonia, hypothermia, hemolytic anemia

A

isopropyl alcohol

172
Q

patient is given Naloxone which is the tx for CNS depression. identify the type of toxicity or chemical agents in the said ondition

173
Q

oxygenation and hyperbaric therpay as tx

A

carbon monoxide

174
Q

most toxic agents have nausea and vomitting. however, hematemesis is seen in

A

isopropyl alcohol

175
Q

lavage or emesis is tx for

176
Q

tissue hypoxia is seen in

A

CO poisoning

177
Q

dense metaphyseal line in xray

A

lead toxicity

178
Q

normal RR for premature

179
Q

normal RR for 0-3 months

180
Q

normal RR for 3-6 months

181
Q

normal RR for 6 to 12 mos

182
Q

normal RR for 1-3 yo

183
Q

normal RR for 3-6 yo

184
Q

normal RR for 6-12 yo

185
Q

normal RR for 12 yo and above

186
Q

normal HR for newborn to 3 mo

A

85-200 bpm

187
Q

normal HR for 3mo-2yo

A

100-190 bpm

188
Q

normal HR for >2 yo

A

80-140 bpm

189
Q

bradycardia for all ages

A

< or = 60 bpm

Y2 Pediatrics (9 decks)

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