Emergence of walking Flashcards
Conclusions of historical findings
- rehab by engaging the limb in activities
- Lower limb activity can be activated under certain situations
- do not need influence of higher brain centers to walk
- removing sensory input on both sides resulted in a walking pattern
walking is a motor task the involves
1) sufficient strength for the support of body weight and GFR (stability before mobility)
2) stable enough to compensate for balance shifts (maturation of the balance system)
3) adaptations to uneven surfaces
when will the stepping pattern disappears
at 2 months
- will reappear with the start of walking
- continue to kick in supine
- same pattern in standing
progression from stability to mobility
1) standing with assistance
2) mobility with 2 hands
3) standing alone
4) independent mobility
what is the time frame for emergence of walking
9- 15 mo.
- motor delay is considered at 18 mo
what could be a reason for motor delay in emergence of gait
- slow myelination
- usually takes about 9 mo for myelination to reach the legs
components of gait that are developed to 12 mo
- CPG: locomotion pattern in innate
- postural control in standing at a tabletop
- motivation and navigation toward a distant object
- standing on one leg: stance phase mobility
- high guard posture
components are the necessary for gait emergence
1) motor production
2) CPG
3) myelination
4) intact sensory system
5) balance or postural control
6) dissociation of limbs
factors of motor productions
- stabilization
- force or power
factors in sensory apparatus
- vision: balance, steering and avoiding obstacles
- vestibular: acceleration and rot of the head
- somatosensory
characteristics of the first steps
- high step pattern
- wide BOS
- no push off
- knees flexed at stance (need a place to pull to stand)
- upper limbs no arm swing and high guard
- short steps
- sycrhronized patterns of the legs
- waddling pattern
synchronization of steps
joints moving simultaneously
dissociation of steps
joints moving individually (4.5 mon after first steps)
controlled fall
infants lean forward when walking with a forward COM
progression of gait
- ability to control equilibrium responses (postural control)
- ability to control single limb stance
- heel strike at 2 years of age
at what age is a child able to change directions
15-18 months
at what age is a child able to heel strike
2 years
at what age is a child able to stabilize the center of mass
7 years
sensory contributions to emergence of walking
- stretching of the hip flexors
- step length, appropriate frequency
- contributions of the loading limbs (posture sensors, practice standing for long periods)
sacropenia
loss of muscle mass in the elderly (over 60). especially type 2 fibers
atrophy in simple disuse
- reduced mechanical load, fasting, and fed anabilic resistance
- protein breakdown remains the same
- protein synthesis declines
atrophy in sarcopenia
- aging, disuse, and inflammation
- increase in protein breakdown
- decrease in protein synthesis
use it or lose it with sarcopenia
- if an individual exercises and stays active the loss can be minimized
- muscle changes to fat when their is disuse
skeletal system in older adult
- increase thorastic kyphosis
- loss in vertebral body height
- increased risk for fracture
loss of sensory could be due to
- type 2 diabetes with sensory nerve fiber loss (loss of tactile sensation)
- peripheral nerve damage
- CVA
what is the sensory that is lost with aging
- loss of touch sensation
- loss of heat and cold sensation
- loss of pain perception
loss of the visual system (acuity) could be due to
- type 2 diabetes
- muscular degeneration
- glaucoma
vestibular system disuse in the eldery
show loss in quick acceleration in movement and cervical rotation.
- why they maintain a forward head posture and forward trunk posture
dulled response to protect head
- lack protective responses such as reduced hip and ankle strategies and reduce speed of protective arm extension
relationship between gait speed and dementia
as cognitive ability declines so does gait speed.
- arobic ex could decrease risk of cognitive decline because it increases O2 perfusion to the brain
