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Anatomy 701 > Embryology, Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Embryology, Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Life has two basic characteristics. What are they?

A

Metabolism and reproduction

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2
Q

The two types of human cells are

A

somatic cells for metabolism and sex cells for reproduction

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3
Q

Cell membrane is made up of

A

double layer membrane and proteins embedded or attached, cross talking with other cells

Remember stability vs. mobility

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4
Q

What is the nucleus of a cell?

A

the structure in the cell that contains the chromosomes, compresses the genetic information into the chromosomes

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5
Q

The mitochondria does what?

A

produces ATP, the power factory, have their own genetic material

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6
Q

Diploid cells refer to cells with…

A

two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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7
Q

haploid cells refers to cells with…

A

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells

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8
Q

sex cells replicate through

A

meiosis

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9
Q

how long does it take for an egg cell to go through meiosis?

A

2 weeks

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10
Q

how long does it take sperm cells to go through meiosis

A

64 days

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11
Q

What happens during week one of embryology

A

fertilization

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12
Q

cleavage is…

A

the equal distribution of cytoplasm from 2 to 8 cells, mainly replication

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13
Q

Blastocysts start what

A

differentiation, unequal distribution of cytoplasm

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14
Q

What happens during week 2 of embryology

A

implantation ( trophoblast cells invade endometrium and start to recruit cells for blood vessels to form placenta)

Inner cell mass develops into epiblast and hypoblast

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15
Q

What percentage of blastocysts fail to implant in the 1st two weeks?

A

30%

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16
Q

What happens in Embryology week 3?

A
  • Formation of placenta
  • Gastrulation (germ layers formed: Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm)
    -Formation of notochord

START EMBRYO PHASE

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17
Q

What happens in Embryology week 4?

A

Establishment of body plans, formation of somites: mesoderm, notochord as the axis

  • segmental interaction of nervous system and somites
  • primitive organs still nonfunctional
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18
Q

The dorsal somite gives rise to what?

A

the sclerotome and dermomyotome

-segmental distribution, muscles and bones develop independently: no origin and insertion at the beginning

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19
Q

Muscles have origins and insertions when they first form. True or False.

A

False

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20
Q

A lack of caudal neuropore closure during the closure of the neural tube causes what?

A

spina bifida

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21
Q

What happens with no closure of the neural tube in the cranial/rostal neuropore?

A

acephaly

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22
Q

the neural tube is part of which nervous system?

A

CNS

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23
Q

Motor neurons have two types. What are they?

A

somatic - axons expand outward to somites
visceral- axons expand to visceral motor ganglia

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24
Q

Neural crest is part of what?

A

the PNS

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25
Q

Somatic sensory neurons expand into whta?

A

the neural tube and somites

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26
Q

Autonomic nervous system is made up of what?

A

visceral motor ganglia

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27
Q

Which limb is formed first?

A

upper limb

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28
Q

By what week is an embryo almost fully formed?

A

week 9

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29
Q

Myotome and dermatome do what during development?

A

rotate with the limb rotation

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30
Q

Dermatomes are…

A
  • map, huge variations among people and even within the same individual
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31
Q

When is the EMBRYO formed?

A

week3

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32
Q

When is the embryo considered a fetus?

A

week 9

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33
Q

Four curvatures of the spine are

A

-Cervical lordosis
-Thoracic kyphosis
- lumbar lordosis
-sacral kyphosis

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34
Q

Which two curvatures of the spine flex

A

thoracic kyphosis and sacral kyphosis

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35
Q

Which two curvatures of the spine extend

A

cervical lordosis, lumber lordosis

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36
Q

Curvatures do what?

A

provide flexibility, support, protection and shock absorption

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37
Q

C1 is the …

A

atlas

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38
Q

the atlas has no….

A

vertebral body or spinous process

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39
Q

c2 is the …

A

axis

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40
Q

the axis and the c1 vertebral body form the …

A

dens

*happens during development

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41
Q

Vertebral body is a

A

uncinate process

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42
Q

uncinate processes have what shape?

A

hook

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43
Q

The transverse process is

A

a groove and a foramen transversarium

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44
Q

Which cervical vertebra has no bifurcated spinous process?

A

C7

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45
Q

The Thoracic vertebrae body has/does what?

A

has a superior/inferior rib demi-facets, articulates with ribs

46
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae are unique?

A

T1, T9-T12

47
Q

The transverse process is the articulating facet of the thoracic vertebrae. True or false?

A

True

48
Q

Lumbar vertebrae have the largest what?

A

Body

49
Q

Mammillary process is the what?

A

superior process on costal process connected in the lumbar region with the back part of the superior articular process

50
Q

Accessory process is the what?

A

an inferior tubercle of the lower thoracic vertebrae situated at the back part of the base of the costal process, which forms the beginnings of the original transverse process.

51
Q

atlanto-occipital joint is during which movement of the head

A

yes

52
Q

atlanto-odontoid joint is moved during which movement of the head

A

no

53
Q

atlanto-axial joint has no what?

A

no disc

54
Q

Between the vertebral bodies there are:

A

Intervertebral discs, uncovertebral joints

55
Q

Discs are named according to what?

A

the superior vertebrae

ex. C4 disc is between C4 and C5

56
Q

What is an anatomic landmark in the cervical region?

A

Dens

57
Q

How do you know if an image is a CT scan?

A

bones are white

58
Q

How do you know if a MRI is T1 or T2?

A

T1 - only the fat is white, under the skin is subcutaneous tissue/ fat
T2- both fat and water/fluid are white

59
Q

What is the thinnest disc along the spine?

A

intervertebral discc

60
Q

Zygapophyesal joints are also known as

A

facet joints

61
Q

What percent of the population has a 6th lumbar vertebra?

A

10%

62
Q

X-rays are usually in which view?

A

Anterior-posterior (AP) view

63
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament is _____ caudally and _____ cranially.

A

Broad, narrow

if opposite - lumbar disc herniation or tectorial membrane

64
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament is in the

A

vertebral canal

65
Q

The tectorial membrane is the

A

specialized posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical region

66
Q

the ligament nuchae runs from

A

C6 to external occipital protuberance

67
Q

Specialized ligaments in the cervical region are

A

Tectorial membrane, transverse ligament of atlas, apical ligament, alar ligament, ligament nuchae

68
Q

Specialized ligaments in the lumbosacral region are

A

iliolumbar and lumbosacral ligaments

69
Q

Functional spinal unit is

A

adjacent two vertebrae and 3 joints

70
Q

The anterior column of the vertebral body withholds what percentage of stress along the spine?

A

70%

71
Q

The posterior column arch witholds what percentage of stress along the spine?

A

30%

72
Q

The anterior column of the FSU controls the

A

degrees of motion EXCEPT IN THE CERVICAL REGION

73
Q

The posterior column arch controls the

A

types of motion

74
Q

Facet joints do what in the sagittal plane?

A

FLX/EXT

75
Q

Facet joints do what motion in the coronal plane?

A

L or R side bend

76
Q

Facet joints do what motion in the transverse plane?

A

L or R rotation

77
Q

Nucleus pulposus is

A

degenerated from notochord, difficult to heal after injury

78
Q

Impingement of the ligamenta flava causes

A

spinal stenosis, Flx decrease the compression

79
Q

Facet joint hypertrophy causes

A

degenerative change and nerve root impingement

80
Q

Disk herniation has what types and grades

A

Buldge
Protrusion
Extrusion
Sequesteration

Increase in severity from top to bottom of list

81
Q

Which two types of disc herniation benefit from Mckenzie extension and traction?

A

Buldge and protrusion

further grades of herniation do not benefit

82
Q

In which two regions is it easiest to herniate a disc?

A

Cervical and Lumbar

83
Q

Why do lumbar discs have a higher risk of herniation?

A

70% vs 30% or stress in lumbar, discs are so thin, don’t have much to be herniated.
- posterior and anterior ligament don’t provide enough support for lateral underside part of the disc

84
Q

Nervous system has hundreds of subsystems. True or false?

A

True

85
Q

Both the CNS/PNS have:

A

efferent (information issues out) and afferent (information flows in)

86
Q

PNS divides into

A

Afferent:
sensory somatic
sensory motor
Efferent:
motor somatic - to skeletal muscles
motor visceral - cardiac and smooth muscles
- motor visceral has sympathetic and
parasympathetic

87
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

a cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

88
Q

What is a nucleus in relation to the nervous system?

A

A cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

89
Q

The CNS is made up of

A

Neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocyte (myelin sheath), ependymal cells

90
Q

The PNS is made up of

A

Neurons, satellite cells, and schwann cells (myelin sheath)

91
Q

Spinal cord is developed from -

A

neural tube

92
Q

Grey matter contains

A

dendrites and cell bodies of neurons. NON MYELINATED
- dorsal horn for sensory
-ventral horn for motor
- intermedial lateral horn

93
Q

White matter is

A

axonal tracts - mainly myelinated

94
Q

The central canal contains

A

CSF for nutrition and protection

95
Q

The spinal canal is made up of

A

The vertebral canal which is the foramina from cervical vertebrae:7, Thoracic vertebrae:12, lumbar vertebrae:5. and the sacral canal which contains the sacrum:1

96
Q

How many axon can a neuron have?

A

One. No matter how complicated.

97
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

T12~L2

98
Q

Where does the spinal cord initiate?

A

the foramen magnum

99
Q

The conus medullaris is the

A

cone shape at the end of the spinal cord

100
Q

The cauda equina is the

A

end of the spinal cord where nerves go elsewhere. means quite literally horse tail.

101
Q

Meninges from Deep to Superficial

A

Pia mater is inner, then arachnoid mater, then dura mater

102
Q

Which meninge is strongest?

A

dura mater

103
Q

What are the specialized ligament(s) in the dura mater

A

filum terminale externum

104
Q

What are the specialized ligament(s) in the pia mater

A

denticulate ligament and filum terminal internum

105
Q

What is the epidural space between?

A

the dura mater and the vertebral bony wall

106
Q

What is the subdural space between?

A

the dural mater and the arachnoid mater

107
Q

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

CSF

108
Q

Enlargements of the cervical region names and what they are for

A

the cervical plexus and brachial plexus

for neck and upper limbs

109
Q

Enlargements of the lumbosacral region and what they are for

A

lumbar plexus and sacral plexus

for gluteal/groin areas and lower limbs

110
Q

Which ligaments are formed by pia mater and where are they located?

A

Denticulate ligament and fulum terminale internum

*run longitudinally between the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord and serve to suspend the spinal cord from side to side in the dural sac. The pia continues inferiorly from the end of the spinal cord (at the level of the second lumbar vertebra) as the filum terminale internum.

111
Q

From superficial to deep, what’s the order of the meninges?

A

Dura, arachnoid, pia

Anatomy 701 (4 decks)

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