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Embryology > Embryology: Prenatal Development & The Mouth > Flashcards

Embryology: Prenatal Development & The Mouth Flashcards

1
Q

What is embryology?

A

The study of prenatal development that consists of three distinct successive periods.

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2
Q

What are the three periods of prenatal development?

Phases of Embryology

A

Preimplantation
Embryonic
Fetal

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3
Q

What two periods of prenatal development make up the first trimester?

A

Preimplantation & Embryonic

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4
Q

What period of development accounts for the last two trimesters of pregnancy?

A

Fetal Period

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5
Q

How long does preimplantation take?

A

Short process of 4-7 days.

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6
Q

How long is the embryonic phase?

A

Starts where pre-implantation stops - 8 weeks

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7
Q

How long is the Fetal phase?

A

8 weeks on…

3 months before the child is born

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8
Q

What is mitosis?

A

One parent cell divides and creates two daughter cells with the same genetic compliment (diploid)

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9
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

The cell contains 46 chromosomes

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10
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Creates a daughter cell with half of the number of chromosomes compared to the parent cell (haploid)

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11
Q

What is a haploid?

A

Cell with 23 chromosomes.

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12
Q

When does mitosis occur?

A

A process that takes place during growth or repair.

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13
Q

When does meiosis occur?

A

Takes place during reproduction with the ovum and sperm.

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14
Q

Which process (mitosis or meiosis) is responsible for genetic variation?

A

Meiosis

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15
Q

What is an ovum?

A

Haploid cell of the mother.

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16
Q

What is sperm?

A

Haploid cell of the father.

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17
Q

What phase of development does fertilization take place?

A

pre-implantation

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18
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The union of the sperm and ovum

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19
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Newly formed cell with diploid # of chromosomes from the ovum and sperm (fertilization)

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20
Q

What is a morula?

A

A solid mass of cells

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21
Q

How is the morula created?

A

The zygote undergoes mitosis to form the morula.

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22
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A fluid filled collection of cells (highly invasive on surface)

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23
Q

How is the blastocyst created?

A

The continuation of mitosis of the morula.

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24
Q

What is created from the blastocyst from the 2nd to 8th week of prenatal development?

A

Embryo

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25
Q

The creation of the embryo occurs in what phase of embryology?

A

Embryonic stage

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26
Q

In what phase/stage of prenatal development does cytodifferentiation occur?

A

Embryonic stage

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27
Q

What is cytodifferentiation?

A

The process of creating different cell types using receptors.

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28
Q

What is responsible for determining the fate of cells in cytodifferentiation?

A

Receptors

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29
Q

What are the two processes of cytodifferentiation?

A

Autocrine & Paracrine

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30
Q

What happens to cells if receptors are not present?

A

Cells will die.

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31
Q

What happens to cells if there are a couple of receptors present?

A

Cell will survive as itself

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32
Q

What happens if there are more than a couple of receptors?

A

The cells will proliferate (mitosis) creating the same type of cell

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33
Q

What happens if there are a large amount of receptors present during the embryonic period?

A

Cells will differentiate (become different cells)

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34
Q

Which cytodifferentiation process recieves hormones or receptor stimulation from a substance it produced itself?

A

Autocrine

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35
Q

In the paracrine process of cytodifferentiation, where does the cell receive hormones or receptor stimulation?

A

From a different cell.

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36
Q

What is aptosis?

A

Programmed cell death.

37
Q

What are the 4 physiological processes that occur in the embryonic period that are associated with growth?

A

Induction
Proliferation
Interstitial
Appositional

38
Q

What is induction?

A

One group of cells starting the development of another cellular group.

39
Q

What is proliferation growth?

A

The process of creating more cells via mitosis.

40
Q

What is intersitial growth?

A

The process of additional outer layers of cells

41
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

A process in contrast to intersitial growth because it occurs deep within the tissue.

42
Q

Which growth state is the beginning of the growth cycle?

A

Induction

43
Q

What is an example of aptosis?

A

Your hand begins as a solid mass aptosis occurs and we get separation between our fingers.

44
Q

What are the 4 types of differentiation?

A

Histodifferentiation
Morphpdifferentiation
Morphogenesis
Maturation

45
Q

What is histodifferentiation?

A

The development of different tissues (this can happen at the cellular level or as a whole tissue)

46
Q

What is morphodifferentiation?

A

The development of different shapes/forms

47
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

The process where tissues evolve into more complex structures (creating new structure/function)

48
Q

What is maturation?

A

Ongoing physiological processes which imparts the final form/function

49
Q

What is formed in the second week of the Embryonic stage of prenatal development?

A

Bilaminar embryonic disc, amniotic sac, yolk sac, and trophoblastic layer

50
Q

How is the bilaminar embryonic disc formed?

A

From the blastocyst

51
Q

What does bilaminer mean?

A

2 layers

52
Q

What is the layers of the bilaminar embryonic disc made up of?

A

Epiblast & Hypoblast

53
Q

What is an amniotic cavity?

A

A cavity filled with fluid.

54
Q

What is a Yolk Sac?

A

A sac that provides nourishment until placenta is established.

55
Q

Where can the amniotic cavity and yolk sac be found?

A

Suspended between the Epiblast and Hypoblast.

56
Q

What is the trophoblastic layer?

A

High invasive cells of the blastocyst that causes blastocyst gets fused into the uterine wall.

57
Q

What 4 substances are referred to as the blastocyst and develop during the 2nd week of the embryonic stage?

A

Bilaminar embryonic disc
Amniotic cavity
Yolk sac
Trophoblastic layer

58
Q

What is the origin of mesenchymal cells?

A

The epiblast

59
Q

How are mesenchymal cells formed?

A

From migration of the epiblast.

60
Q

What is formed from the complete migration of the epiblast?

A

Trilaminar disc

61
Q

What three cell layer types are created in the third week of pre-natal development and are considered the predecessors of all cells?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

62
Q

What is the origin of Ectoderm?

A

Epiblast

63
Q

What is the origin of Mesoderm?

A

Mesenchymal

64
Q

What is the origin of Endoderm?

A

Hypoblast

65
Q

What is the fourth cell type?

A

Neural crest cells

66
Q

Where do neural crest cells arise from?

A

Proliferation of ectoderm adjacent to the primitive streak.

67
Q

What is the trilaminar embryonic disc?

A

Primitive streak matures into notocord which supports the primitive embryo.

68
Q

What structures is the ectoderm associated with?

A 
skin
CNS 
PNS 
Hair 
Nails 
Enamel  
Lining of the oral cavity
69
Q

What structures is the mesoderm associated with?

A 
Bones
Muscles
Circulatory System
Reproductive System
Internal Organs
Dentin
Pulp
Cementum
70
Q

What structures is the endoderm associated with?

A

Linings of Respiratory passages
Glandular Organs
Digestive systems

71
Q

Which cellular layer created in the third week of prenatal development contributes the most?

A

Mesoderm

72
Q

Which cellular layer created in the third week of prenatal development contributes the least?

A

Endoderm

73
Q

What are the 5 events that occur during the fourth week of development?

A 
Embryonic Folding
Orientation of tissues
Buccopharyngeal membrane
Cloacal Membrane
Neural tube development
74
Q

What is embryonic folding?

A

Orients the endoderm to become the deepest tissue and the ectoderm to become the most superficial tissue.

75
Q

Describe the orientation of tissues.

A

The disc is now tubular in shape. Only two membranes have only two tissue layers.

76
Q

What two membranes have only two tissue layers?

A

Buccopharyngeal & Cloacal

77
Q

What does the buccopharyngeal membrane become?

A

The primitive mouth.

78
Q

What does the cloacal membrane become?

A

The anus

79
Q

In neural tube development what does the anterior end give rise to?

A

The brain

80
Q

In neural tube development what does the posterior end give rise to?

A

Spinal Cord

81
Q

As a whole (anterior & posterior ends) what does the neural tube eventually create?

A

The Central Nervous System

82
Q

What neural tube defects occur in the posterior end?

A

Spina Bifida- A portion of the spinal cord is exposed. There are varying degrees of severity.

83
Q

What are the neural tube defects that can occur anteriorly?

A

Anencephaly- a portion of the brain is missing (not conducive with life)

84
Q

What are Teratogens?

A

Infectious diseases (Rubella, German Measles)
X-Radiation
Drugs (during pregnancy valium)
Nutritional Deficiencies (why we take prenatal vitamins)

85
Q

What are the three general steps in development?

A

Initiation (simple mitosis)
Proliferation (Paracrine & Autocrine)
Differentiation (as cells or tissues)

86
Q

What is the stomodeum (stomatodeum)?

A

The primitive mouth.

87
Q

What disintegrates to join the primitive mouth and pharynx?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane aka buccopharyneal

88
Q

What structures come together to give rise to the mouth?

A

Stomodeum (stomatodeum) & Oropharyngeal membrane (buccopharyngeal)

Embryology (8 decks)

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