Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Embryology > Embryology: Prenatal Development & The Mouth > Flashcards

Embryology: Prenatal Development & The Mouth Flashcards

1
Q

What is embryology?

A

The study of prenatal development that consists of three distinct successive periods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three periods of prenatal development?

Phases of Embryology

A

Preimplantation
Embryonic
Fetal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What two periods of prenatal development make up the first trimester?

A

Preimplantation & Embryonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What period of development accounts for the last two trimesters of pregnancy?

A

Fetal Period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How long does preimplantation take?

A

Short process of 4-7 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How long is the embryonic phase?

A

Starts where pre-implantation stops - 8 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How long is the Fetal phase?

A

8 weeks on…

3 months before the child is born

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is mitosis?

A

One parent cell divides and creates two daughter cells with the same genetic compliment (diploid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

The cell contains 46 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Creates a daughter cell with half of the number of chromosomes compared to the parent cell (haploid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a haploid?

A

Cell with 23 chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When does mitosis occur?

A

A process that takes place during growth or repair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When does meiosis occur?

A

Takes place during reproduction with the ovum and sperm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which process (mitosis or meiosis) is responsible for genetic variation?

A

Meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an ovum?

A

Haploid cell of the mother.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is sperm?

A

Haploid cell of the father.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What phase of development does fertilization take place?

A

pre-implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The union of the sperm and ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Newly formed cell with diploid # of chromosomes from the ovum and sperm (fertilization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a morula?

A

A solid mass of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is the morula created?

A

The zygote undergoes mitosis to form the morula.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A fluid filled collection of cells (highly invasive on surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is the blastocyst created?

A

The continuation of mitosis of the morula.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is created from the blastocyst from the 2nd to 8th week of prenatal development?

A

Embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The creation of the embryo occurs in what phase of embryology?
Embryonic stage
26
In what phase/stage of prenatal development does cytodifferentiation occur?
Embryonic stage
27
What is cytodifferentiation?
The process of creating different cell types using receptors.
28
What is responsible for determining the fate of cells in cytodifferentiation?
Receptors
29
What are the two processes of cytodifferentiation?
Autocrine & Paracrine
30
What happens to cells if receptors are not present?
Cells will die.
31
What happens to cells if there are a couple of receptors present?
Cell will survive as itself
32
What happens if there are more than a couple of receptors?
The cells will proliferate (mitosis) creating the same type of cell
33
What happens if there are a large amount of receptors present during the embryonic period?
Cells will differentiate (become different cells)
34
Which cytodifferentiation process recieves hormones or receptor stimulation from a substance it produced itself?
Autocrine
35
In the paracrine process of cytodifferentiation, where does the cell receive hormones or receptor stimulation?
From a different cell.
36
What is aptosis?
Programmed cell death.
37
What are the 4 physiological processes that occur in the embryonic period that are associated with growth?
Induction Proliferation Interstitial Appositional
38
What is induction?
One group of cells starting the development of another cellular group.
39
What is proliferation growth?
The process of creating more cells via mitosis.
40
What is intersitial growth?
The process of additional outer layers of cells
41
What is appositional growth?
A process in contrast to intersitial growth because it occurs deep within the tissue.
42
Which growth state is the beginning of the growth cycle?
Induction
43
What is an example of aptosis?
Your hand begins as a solid mass aptosis occurs and we get separation between our fingers.
44
What are the 4 types of differentiation?
Histodifferentiation Morphpdifferentiation Morphogenesis Maturation
45
What is histodifferentiation?
The development of different tissues (this can happen at the cellular level or as a whole tissue)
46
What is morphodifferentiation?
The development of different shapes/forms
47
What is morphogenesis?
The process where tissues evolve into more complex structures (creating new structure/function)
48
What is maturation?
Ongoing physiological processes which imparts the final form/function
49
What is formed in the second week of the Embryonic stage of prenatal development?
Bilaminar embryonic disc, amniotic sac, yolk sac, and trophoblastic layer
50
How is the bilaminar embryonic disc formed?
From the blastocyst
51
What does bilaminer mean?
2 layers
52
What is the layers of the bilaminar embryonic disc made up of?
Epiblast & Hypoblast
53
What is an amniotic cavity?
A cavity filled with fluid.
54
What is a Yolk Sac?
A sac that provides nourishment until placenta is established.
55
Where can the amniotic cavity and yolk sac be found?
Suspended between the Epiblast and Hypoblast.
56
What is the trophoblastic layer?
High invasive cells of the blastocyst that causes blastocyst gets fused into the uterine wall.
57
What 4 substances are referred to as the blastocyst and develop during the 2nd week of the embryonic stage?
Bilaminar embryonic disc Amniotic cavity Yolk sac Trophoblastic layer
58
What is the origin of mesenchymal cells?
The epiblast
59
How are mesenchymal cells formed?
From migration of the epiblast.
60
What is formed from the complete migration of the epiblast?
Trilaminar disc
61
What three cell layer types are created in the third week of pre-natal development and are considered the predecessors of all cells?
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
62
What is the origin of Ectoderm?
Epiblast
63
What is the origin of Mesoderm?
Mesenchymal
64
What is the origin of Endoderm?
Hypoblast
65
What is the fourth cell type?
Neural crest cells
66
Where do neural crest cells arise from?
Proliferation of ectoderm adjacent to the primitive streak.
67
What is the trilaminar embryonic disc?
Primitive streak matures into notocord which supports the primitive embryo.
68
What structures is the ectoderm associated with?
``` skin CNS PNS Hair Nails Enamel Lining of the oral cavity ```
69
What structures is the mesoderm associated with?
``` Bones Muscles Circulatory System Reproductive System Internal Organs Dentin Pulp Cementum ```
70
What structures is the endoderm associated with?
Linings of Respiratory passages Glandular Organs Digestive systems
71
Which cellular layer created in the third week of prenatal development contributes the most?
Mesoderm
72
Which cellular layer created in the third week of prenatal development contributes the least?
Endoderm
73
What are the 5 events that occur during the fourth week of development?
``` Embryonic Folding Orientation of tissues Buccopharyngeal membrane Cloacal Membrane Neural tube development ```
74
What is embryonic folding?
Orients the endoderm to become the deepest tissue and the ectoderm to become the most superficial tissue.
75
Describe the orientation of tissues.
The disc is now tubular in shape. Only two membranes have only two tissue layers.
76
What two membranes have only two tissue layers?
Buccopharyngeal & Cloacal
77
What does the buccopharyngeal membrane become?
The primitive mouth.
78
What does the cloacal membrane become?
The anus
79
In neural tube development what does the anterior end give rise to?
The brain
80
In neural tube development what does the posterior end give rise to?
Spinal Cord
81
As a whole (anterior & posterior ends) what does the neural tube eventually create?
The Central Nervous System
82
What neural tube defects occur in the posterior end?
Spina Bifida- A portion of the spinal cord is exposed. There are varying degrees of severity.
83
What are the neural tube defects that can occur anteriorly?
Anencephaly- a portion of the brain is missing (not conducive with life)
84
What are Teratogens?
Infectious diseases (Rubella, German Measles) X-Radiation Drugs (during pregnancy valium) Nutritional Deficiencies (why we take prenatal vitamins)
85
What are the three general steps in development?
Initiation (simple mitosis) Proliferation (Paracrine & Autocrine) Differentiation (as cells or tissues)
86
What is the stomodeum (stomatodeum)?
The primitive mouth.
87
What disintegrates to join the primitive mouth and pharynx?
Oropharyngeal membrane aka buccopharyneal
88
What structures come together to give rise to the mouth?
Stomodeum (stomatodeum) & Oropharyngeal membrane (buccopharyngeal)

Embryology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions