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1 > Embryology of the upper GI tract > Flashcards

Embryology of the upper GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

Origin of the esophagus

A

lining/parenchyma - foregut endoderm

muscular coat - splanchnic mesoderm

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2
Q

Innervation of the esophagus

A

upper 2/3 - directly by vagus (striated)

lower 1/3 - vagus nerve via celiac plexus (smooth)

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3
Q

Origin of the stomach

A

lining - foregut endoderm
dorsal mesogastrium - mesoderm
ventral mesogastrium - mesoderm of the septum transversum (only seen in foregut)

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4
Q

Origin of the duodenum

A

foregut and midgut endoderm

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5
Q

Origin of the liver

A

parenchyma: foregut endoderm (cranial part of liver bud)
stroma (Kupffer cells, hematopoietic tissue) - mesoderm of septum transversum
gallbladder - foregut endoderm (caudal part of liver bud)
cystic and common bile ducts - foregut endoderm (stalk of liver bud)

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6
Q

Origin of the pancreas

A

caudal part of foregut endoderm (pancreatic buds)
Dorsal bud –> between two layers of the dorsal mesentery (most of pancreas)
Ventral bud –> between two layers of ventral mesentery, forms a part of the head
fusion of two buds

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7
Q

Origin of the spleen

A

mesoderm - mesenchymal cells between mesodermal layers of dorsal mesogastrium

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8
Q

Foregut derivatives

A

Esophagus, stomach
duodenum, proximal to the opening of the bile duct
liver, biliary apparatus and pancreas

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9
Q

Stomach development

A

FUsiform enlargement of the caudal part of the foregut
faster growing of the dorsal border (greater curvature)
ventral border - lesser curvature
90 degree clockwise rotation

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10
Q

Mesentery derivation

A

dorsal –> dorsal mesogastrium

ventral –> ventral mesogastrium

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11
Q

Liver development

A

between the two layers of the ventral mesogastrium

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12
Q

Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

thickening of the pylorus
hypertrophy of the muscular layers of the pylorus
pre-birth: polyhydramnios
post-birth: projectile vomiting

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13
Q

Duodenal stenosis

A

partial occlusion of the duodenal lumen, usually caused by incomplete recanalization of the duodenum

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14
Q

Duodenal atresia

A

complete occlusion of the lumen of duodenum
distention of the epigastric region on infants and vomiting begins within a few hours of birth - almost always contains bile
Polyhydramnios

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15
Q

Hepatic diverticulum

A

ventral outgrowth from the caudal part of the foregut
gives rise to the liver, gallbladder and biliary duct system
Caudal part –> gall bladder

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16
Q

Kupffer cell/hematopoietic tissue of the liver

A

mesenchyme in septum transversum

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17
Q

Ventral mesentery

A

lesser omentum (hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments)
falciform ligament
umbilical vein in the free border of the falciform ligament –> round ligament of the liver

18
Q

main pancreatic duct

A

distal part of the dorsal pancreas and duct of the ventral pancreas

19
Q

accessory pancreatic duct

A

proximal part of the dorsal pancreas

20
Q

Foregut supplies

A

Celiac artery
Greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T9), sym
Para: vagus

21
Q

Midgut

A 
small intestine (most of duodenum)
cecum, vermiform appendix, ascending colon, right half to right 2/3 of transverse colon
22
Q

Midgut supply

A

superior mesenteric arter

23
Q

Rotation of midgut

A

90 degree counterclockwise during protrusion
180 degree rotation during return to abdomen (10th week)
- small intestine first, then large intestine

24
Q

Fixation of the intestines

A

rotation of the stomach and duodenum brings duodenum and pancreas to the right side –> pressed to the posterior abdominal wall (retroperitoneal) by colon
Ascending and descending colon also become retroperitoneal

25
Q

Cecal diverticulum

A

primordium of the cecum and appendix - appears as as welling on the midgut
during descent of the diverticulum, cecum, colon and appendix form

26
Q

Congenital omphalocoele

A

persistence of the herniation of the abdominal contents into the proximal parts of the umbilical cord

27
Q

Nonrotation of the midgut

A

Left-sided colon
midgut loop does not rotate as it returns to the abdomen
SI on the right, colon on the left

28
Q

Reversed rotation

A

midgut loop rotates clockwise rather than counterclockwise
duodenum anterior to SMA, transverse colon posterior to SMA
SMA can compress transverse colon

29
Q

Subhepatic cecum and appendix

A

adhering of the cecum to the inferior surface of the liver as it returns to the abdomen
retains fetal position

30
Q

Ileal/Meckel diverticulum

A

proximal portion of the yolk sac remains
sometimes becomes inflamed, mimics appendicitis
wall of the diverticulum may contain small patches of gastric/pancreatic tissue –> gastric mucosa often secretes acid

31
Q

Umbilicoileal fistula

A

persistence of the entire intra-abdominal portion of the yolk sac

32
Q

Duplication of intestines

A

During intestinal development - solid stage where intestine is full
Some vacuoles develop in the lumen –> hollow intestines
Failure of normal recanalization/duplication can occur (cystic, tubular)

33
Q

Hindgut

A

left 1/3-1/2 of the transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, superior part of the anal canal
epithelium of the urinary bladder, most of the urethra

34
Q

Hindgut supplies

A

inferior mesenteric artery

35
Q

Cloaca

A

terminal dilated portion of the hindgut
in contact with surface ectoderm at the cloacal membrane
Cloacal memrane composed of endoderm of the cloaca + endoderm of the proctoderm/anal pit

36
Q

Partitioning of the cloaca

A

Urorectal septum divides cloaca to ventral and dorsal parts
Urorectal septum fuses with the cloacal membrane –> dorsal anal membrane and a large urogenital membrane
Also divides the cloacal sphincter into the anterior and posterior parts
Anterior: muscles covering external genitalia erectile tissues
Posterior: external anal sphincter
Ectodermal depression - proctodeum/anal pit in the anal membrane

37
Q

Anal canal

A

superior 2/3 hindgut

inferior 1/3 from proctoderm (ectoderm)

38
Q

Upper 2/3 anal canal supply

A

nerve - autonomic
artery - superior rectal artery
venous - superior rectal (to portal system)
lymph - inferior mesenteric lymph nodes

39
Q

Lower 1/3 anal canal supply

A

nerve - pudendal
artery - inferior rectal
venous - inferior rectal (to IVC)
lymph - inguinal lymph nodes

40
Q

Congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung disease)

A

absence of autonomic ganglion in the myenteric plexus

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