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Neuroendocrine > Embryology of the Pharyngeal Apparatus > Flashcards

Embryology of the Pharyngeal Apparatus Flashcards

1
Q

During what week of development do neural crest cells migrate and form the mesenchyme of the pharyngeal arches?

A

Week 4

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2
Q

What type of tissues form the pharyngeal arches?

A

mesoderm and mesenchyme

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3
Q

What type of tissue forms the pharyngeal grooves?

A

ectoderm

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4
Q

What type of tissue forms the pharyngeal pouches?

A

endoderm

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5
Q

What is the derivative of the first pharyngeal groove?

A

external acoustic meatus (ectoderm)

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6
Q

What is the derivative of the 2nd-4th pharyngeal grooves?

A

cervical sinus (endoderm) - obliterates

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7
Q

What is the derivative of the first pharyngeal membrane?

A

tympanic membrane (contains all three germ layers)

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8
Q

What are the mesoderm and mesenchyme derivatives of the first pharyngeal arch?

A 
malleus and incus
anterior L. of malleus
sphenomandibular L.
model for the mandible
muscles of mastication
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9
Q

What are the mesoderm and mesenchyme derivatives of the second pharyngeal arch?

A 
stapes and styloid process
stylohyoid L.
lesser horn of hyoid bone
stapedius M.
muscles of facial expression
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10
Q

What are the mesoderm and mesenchyme derivatives of the third pharyngeal arch?

A

greater horn of the hyoid bone
body of the hyoid bone
stylopharyngeus M.

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11
Q

What are the mesoderm and mesenchyme derivatives of the fourth pharyngeal arch?

A

epiglottis (neural crest cells)
cricothyroid M.
levator veli palatini M.
pharyngeal constrictors

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12
Q

What are the endodermal derivatives of the first pouch?

A

tympanic cavity and mastoid antrum
pharyngotympanic tube
inner surface of tympanic membrane

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13
Q

What are the endodermal derivatives of the second pouch?

A

tonsils

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14
Q

What are the endodermal derivatives of the third pouch?

A

inferior parathyroid glands

thymus

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15
Q

What are the endodermal derivatives of the fourth pouch?

A

-superior parathyroid glands

-ultimobranchial body
fuses w/thyroid to form parafollicular cells

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16
Q

When is the thymus most active?

A

childhood

17
Q

What happens to the thymus is adulthood?

A

it involutes and adipose tissue takes its place

18
Q

What gland in the body is the first to form embryologically?

A

thyroid

19
Q

Is the thyroid a pharyngeal arch derivative?

A

No

20
Q

What is the thyroid derived from?

A

an endodermal thickening and invagination of the floor of the primordial pharynx

21
Q

To what is the thyroid connected during development and how is it connected?

A

connected to tongue at the foramen cecum by thyroglossal duct

-foramen cecum closes and thryglossal duct disappears

22
Q

What are the mesoderm and mesenchyme derivatives of the sixth pharyngeal arch?

A

intrinsic laryngeal muscles

23
Q

What are cervical cysts?

A
  • slowly enlarging, painless, free-lying cysts in the neck
  • inferior to angle of the mandible
  • remnant of cervical sinus and/or 2nd cleft/groove
  • accumulation of fluid and cell debris derived from desquamation of epithelial lining
24
Q

What is a cervical sinus?

A
  • failure of the 2nd pharyngeal groove and sinus to obliterate
  • detected due to mucus discharge
  • typically bilateral and commonly associated w/auricular sinuses
25
Q

What is a cervical fistula?

A
  • abnormal canal that opens into the tonsillar sinus and externally in the side of the neck
  • persistence of parts of the 2nd groove and pouch
26
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Treacher-Collins Syndrome?

A

-downward-slanted eyes, defects of lower eyelids, deformed external ears

27
Q

What is the genetic inheritance pattern of Treacher-Collins?

A

autosomal dominant

28
Q

What is the affected gene in Treacher-Collins Syndrome, what is the mutation and what does the gene normally do?

A

the TCOF1 gene is truncated, which encodes the TREACLE protein that is involved in ribosome biogenesis

29
Q

What biochemical process causes the physical deformities associated with Treacher-Collins Syndrome?

A

increased apoptosis of neural crest cells

30
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Pierre-Robin Sequence?

A
  • hypoplasia of mandible
  • bilateral cleft palate
  • defects in eyes and ears
  • micrognathia, which leads to posterior displacement of tongue
31
Q

In thyroid agenesis, specifically hemiagenesis, which lobe is more commonly missing?

A

left

32
Q

In thyroid hemiagenesis, mutations in what receptor are also likely involved?

A

receptors for TSH

33
Q

What is the clinical presentation of DiGeorge Syndrome?

A 
congenital hypoparathyroidism
shortened philtrum of upper lip
low-set, notched ears
nasal clefts
thyroid hypoplasia
cardiac abnormalities (defects of heart and aortic arch)
34
Q

What is the biochemical mechanism that causes DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

breakdown of signaling from pharyngeal arch endoderm to neural crest cells, which leads to agenesis of thymus and parathyroid glands

Neuroendocrine (8 decks)

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