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Neuroendocrine > Dural Venous Sinuses > Flashcards

Dural Venous Sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue type are the cranial meninges?

A

dense regular connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the three layers of cranial meninges (superficial to deep), including any sublayers?

A 
Dura mater
-periosteal layer
-meningeal layer
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
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3
Q

What forms the dural venous sinuses?

A

the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater separate from eachother to form large blood-filled spaces

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4
Q

What forms the cranial dural septa?

A

the meningeal layer extends as flat partitions into the cranial cavity

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5
Q

What are the four main cranial dural septa?

A

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae

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6
Q

List the progression of venous drainage of the face via the orbit and cavernous sinus.

A 
Facial V. to Superior/Inferior Opthalmic V.
to Cavernous Sinus
to Superior/Inferior Petrosal Sinus
to Transverse Sinus or Sigmoid Sinus
Sigmoid Sinus becomes IJV
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7
Q

Describe the anatomical relationship between the cavernous sinus and the ICA.

A

The cavernous part of the internal carotid A. runs through the cavernous sinus

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8
Q

What nerves run through the cavernous sinus?

A 
CN III - oculomotor N.
CN IV - trochlear N.
CN V1 - ophthalmic N.
CN V2 - maxillary N.
CN VI - abducens N.
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9
Q

Blue Box: Occlusion of Cerebral V’s and Dural Venous Sinuses

A
  • facial V. to ophthalmic V’s. to cavernous sinus
  • Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis:
  • -infections in the orbit, nasal sinuses, or superior face
  • -in thrombophlebitis of facial V., infected thrombus may extend into cavernous sinus
  • -one sinus first, but spreads to other through the intercavernous sinus
  • -acute meningitis
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10
Q

List the progression of the external carotid artery to the middle meningeal A.

A

external carotid A.
maxillary A.
middle meningeal A. (anterior/posterior branches)

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11
Q

List the progression of the internal carotid artery in the head.

A

internal carotid A.

  • cervical part, petrous part, cavernous part, cerebral part
  • Circle of Willis

-petrous part goes through the carotid canal

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12
Q

On what bone is the carotid canal?

A

temporal B.

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13
Q

What does the falx cerebri separate?

A

the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

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14
Q

What does the tentorium cerebelli separate?

A

cerebrum from the cerebellum

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15
Q

What does the falx cerebelli separate?

A

the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

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16
Q

What does the diaphragma sellae separate?

A

it acts as a “roof” above the pituitary gland, cavernous sinus and contents in the sella turcica area of the sphenoid B.

17
Q

What is an epidural hematoma?

A

a bleed into the epidural space (b/w the skull and the dura mater

18
Q

What is the clinical presentation of an epidural hematoma?

A
  • lucid interval, followed by a sudden onset of serious neurological symptoms
  • ruptured middle meningeal A.
  • “lens-shaped” appearance on diagnostic imaging
  • boundaries of “lens” against skull are probably suture lines
19
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a subdural hemorrhage?

A
  • seen in elderyly and in Shaken Baby Syndrome
  • acceleration/deceleration injury
  • chronic, progressive onset of neurological symptoms
  • ruptured bridging V’s.
  • “crescent-shaped” appearance on diagnostic imaging
20
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A
  • ruptured cerebral A.’s
  • blood pools at Circle of Willis in subarachnoid space
  • aneurysm (buzz line: “worst headache of my life”)
  • “spiderweb” on diagnostic imaging
  • susceptible populations: postmenopausal women, pts with HTN, polycystic kidney disease and Ehler Danlos)
21
Q

What nasal sinus sits directly inferior to the cavernous sinus?

A

sphenoid sinus

22
Q

What structure sits in between the two cavernous sinuses?

A

pituitary gland

23
Q

What structure lies superiorly to the cavernous sinus?

A

diaphragma sellae

24
Q

In what space is the CSF?

A

subarachnoid space

25
Q

What are the main functions of the CSF?

A
  • buoyancy
  • protection
  • environmental stability
26
Q

What makes the CSF?

A

ependymal cells in the choroid plexus in each ventricle

27
Q

Where do ependymal cells originate from?

A

blood plasma

28
Q

What are some biochemical properties of CSF?

A
  • similar to blood plasma
  • greater amounts of sodium, hydrogen and calcium
  • less potassium
29
Q

What structures drain CSF off the brain and into the dural venous sinuses?

A

arachnoid granulations

Clinical note: blood in the subarachnoid space damages the granulations (ex: in a subarachnoid hemorrhage)

30
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

enlarged brain ventricles due to presence of excess CSF

Neuroendocrine (8 decks)

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