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Alimentary 1 > Embryology of the GI tract > Flashcards

Embryology of the GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

Define gastrulation

A

Formation of the trilaminar disc from the bilaminar disc (occurs in week 3)

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2
Q

Time frame: fertilization to implantation

A

1-6 days

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3
Q

wEEK 2: WHAT HAPPNES?

A

Formation of th ebilaminar disc, amniotic cavity (epiblast cells) and yolk sac (hypobvlast cells) development

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4
Q

In wk 2: what does the trophoblsatic layer differntiate into?

A

Synctotrophoblastic and cytotrrophoblastic layers

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4
Q

What gene is trranscriptin for left sidedness? What happens if there is a problem?

A

PXT 2 - can get things on the oposite side, eg dextrocardia

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5
Q

Week 3.. what happens?

A

formation of the trilaminar disc, development of endo, ecto and mnesoderm as well as Neurulation and CNS induction

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6
Q

What happens week 3-8?

A

Organogenesis

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7
Q

What does the embryonic ectoderm form?

A

CNS, PNS, skin, glands eg mammary/sweat, things on the outside iof the body, hair,

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8
Q

Embryoinic endoderm forms what?

A

Epithelial lining of
Respiratory system, GIT, glands, liver
(hepatocyte and biliary epithelium), pancreas,
thyroid, parathyroid parenchyma, urinary
bladder etc.

(things with connection to the outside but are on the inside (inner ring of donut))

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9
Q

Embryonic mesoderm forms what?

A

connective tissue and the dough on the inside of the donut. muscles, bones,
cartilage, dermis, vascular system, urogenital
system except bladder, spleen, liver
mesenchyme, adrenal cortex etc

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10
Q

When is the gut tube formed?

A

weeks 3-4

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11
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to what?

A

parietal and visceral mesoderm.

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12
Q

How is the amniotic cavity (developing foetus) connected to the yolk sac by week 4?

A

Vitelline duct

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13
Q

When does the vitelline duct disintergrate?

A

weeks 12-14

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14
Q

what are the ends of the gut tube?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane to the Cloacal membrane

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15
Q

How does the dorsal mesoderm suspend the gut tube?

A

through the dorsal mesentery

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16
Q

What is the signalling pathway of the HOX 1 gene (that tells the mesoderm what to become?)

A

Sonic Hedgehog (secreted by gut endodermal cells)

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17
Q

What is mesentery?

A

*Double layers of
peritoneum
*Hangs gut tube from body
wall
*Mesodermal in origin
*Enclose organs
(intraperitoneal organs)

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18
Q

ventral mesentarY region

A

jUST THE TOP PART, diaphragm to gallbladder

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19
Q

when does the lung bug develop?

A

Week 4

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20
Q

Whgatseparates te lungs from the oesophagus?

A

Tracheoesophageal ridge

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21
Q

When does the gut dilate to form stomach?

A

Week 4

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22
Q

How does it form the greater and lesser curvatures?

A

rotations. lomgitudinal and antero-posterior axis

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23
Q

What area of the stomach does the irght vagus supply?

A

Posterior part

24
Q

What area of the stomach does the left vagus supply?

A

anterior

25
Q

How is the stomach attached to the dorsal and ventral wall?

A

dorsal and ventral mesentery.

Ventral becomes lesser omentum/

26
Q

What is the thing attatching the “baby stomach” to the liver, and what is it called attatching to the colon?

A

lesser omentum (to liver)
Greater Omentum (to colon)

27
Q

What does the epiloic foramen open up into?

A

lesser omentum

28
Q

what is the duodenum formed by? Is it retroperitoneal?

A

Both the fore and mid gut (so supplied by coeliac trunk and mesentric artery)

retroperitoneal except the duodenal cap

29
Q

when does the liver bud develop? What else comes from the liver bud?

A

week 3. Gall bladder, ventral pancreatic duct

30
Q

What cells are the liver cells formed from?

A

Endoderm (hepatocytes and bilary) and mesoderm (via septum transversum: Kupffer, haematopoietic and connective)

31
Q

What is the falciform ligament? What is it developed from? What does it become?

A

Develops from ventral mesentery. Becomes ligamentum teres hepatis (falciform ligament obliterated due to umbillical vein).

32
Q

When does bile start fporming?

A

week 12

33
Q

What is spleen developed from? When? When T lymphocytes colonise? When lymphoid function begin?

A

Mesoderm week 5
T cells week 15-17
Lymphoid function: week 23

34
Q

What does pancreas develop from? Origin?

A

Endoderm, ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds

35
Q

Oesophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula are results of what development anomaly?

A

Incomplete separation of lung bud

36
Q

What is annular pancreas caused by and what does it result in?

A

The ventral pancreas bud not rotating properly and causing a distension in the duodenum

37
Q

Developmental anomalies of the bile duct

A

Obliterated (causing distended hepatic duct)
duplication of gall bladder.

38
Q

How is the primary intestinal loop formed?

A

Rotation (90 degrees anticlockwise)

39
Q

What artery is the U loop around? What is it connectd to at the U?What happens to the intestinal loop at week 6?

A

The superior mesenteric artery. U connected to vitelline duct. At week 6 the loop goes through physiological herniation (sticks out the belly button)

40
Q

When do the intestinal loop move back into the abdominal cavity?

A

Weeks 10-12

41
Q

What does the cecum and appendix develop from?

A

Cecal bud off midgut

42
Q

Ascending and descending colon fuse and become where in the peritoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal (Fuse to posterior body wall)

43
Q

Which parts are intestine are intraperitoneal

A

Everything except the ascending and descending colon (transverse, cecum, apendix, small intestine (duodenum, jejenum, illium, sigmoid colon)

44
Q

What is mesentery proper?

A

The mesentery of the small intestine

(mesentery = double layer of peritoneum)

45
Q

What is transverse mesocolon?

A

Mesentery of the transverse colon

(mesentery = space between double layer of peritoneum)

46
Q

What is sigmoid mesocolon?

A

The mesentery of the sigmoid colon

(mesentery = space between double layer of peritoneum)

47
Q

Common developmental anomalies of the midgut?

A

Abnormal/reversed rotation (leading to funky positions/duodenum over colon)
Stenosis

48
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

When the intestines in the herniation of the umbillical area fail to retract in week 10, so intestinal loop stays in an amnion outside of body (looks like balloon in front of belly button)

49
Q

What can be the consequences if there is a remanent vitelline duct (diverticulum (meckel’s diverticulum)/cyst/vitelline fistula)

A

Faecal matter can work its way out of the belly button, a diverticulum can collect faecal matter and become infected)

50
Q

What is atresia?

A

When a connection should be there but isnt, leading to some dead ends where there should be a through flow.

51
Q

Stenosis meaning?

A

Narrowing. Often caused by vascular issues or twisted bowel

52
Q

Origin of the hindgut

A

Mainly endoderm, although the bottom end of the anal canal and anal orrifice is ectoderm

53
Q

What does the Alantois form?

A

Urinary system and kidneys (it is a branch off form the gut tube and joins at the cloacal (end of gut tube))

54
Q

What does the pectinate line separate/differenciate?

A

The different vasculatures of the anal canal, above (cranial end) is endodermal and supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery. The lower end is ectoderm and supplied by internal pudendal artery, (branch of internal iliac artery).

55
Q

What happens at week 7 for the cloacal membrane?

A

Ruptures!! (so you have a bum hole!)

56
Q

Duodenum artery supply?

A

Both coeliac and superior mesenteric (as is both upper and mid gut)

57
Q

Hindgut development anomalies

A

Things not separating and/or joining in the right way:
Urorectal fistula (more in males, anal instead of rectum popping out is attached to urethra, so poo tries to go down urethra)
Rectovaginal fistula (Recutum open into vagina)
Rectoperineal fistula
Imperforated anus (No way for poo to pop out)

Alimentary 1 (6 decks)

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