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5310 - Embryology > Embryology of the Auditory & Vestibular System > Flashcards

Embryology of the Auditory & Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we learn about embryology and genetic transmission?

A

Because typically problems with genetics start with the embryo

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2
Q

Gestation

A

the period between conception (fertilization) & birth
- the entire 9 months of pregnancy is known as the gestation period

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3
Q

Fertilization

A

when the egg and sperm meet

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4
Q

When does a single cell zygote becomes a 2 cell stage

A

after fertilization

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5
Q

Fetus

A

offspring

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6
Q

Pre-natal

A

before birth

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7
Q

Mesenchyme

A

embryonic connective tissue also known as the fetal connective tissue where things will develop & grow

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8
Q

Oogenesis

A

the formation of a mature oocyte/egg from a small precursor germ cell initiated during the embryonic period

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9
Q

What is the result of oogenesis?

A

the ovum is produced; containing the genetic material necessary for fertilization.

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10
Q

Polar body

A

one of two small cells produced alongside the ovum during meiosis and then degenerates.
- formed during oogenesis
- aids in distributing genetic material, but cannot be fertilized.

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11
Q

Dorsal

A

back

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12
Q

Ventral

A

belly

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13
Q

Rostral

A

beak or nose

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14
Q

cuadal

A

towards the tail

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15
Q

ploidy

A

number

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16
Q

Germ cell

A

sperm and egg (sex cells)
- are haploid cells
- meios only occurs here

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17
Q

Somatic cells

A

everything but your sex cells (germ cells)
- mitosis is only for somatic cells

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18
Q

Diploid cell

A

double the # of chromosomes found in a mature germ cell
- human cells are diploid w/ 23 pairs (46 chromosomes)
- get a set from each parent

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19
Q

What are autsomes?

A

one of the numbered chromosomes. There are 22 pairs of autsomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes making the 23 pairs in the human body

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20
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

46 chromosomes
- 44 are somatic 2 are germ cells (XX, female or XY, male)

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21
Q

Haploid cell

A

are germ cells with half the # of chromosomes
- one set of chromosomes; produced during meiosis

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22
Q

Stages of Human Development

A
  1. fertilization
  2. early cell multiplication forming a morula
  3. blastocyst formation
  4. implantation of the blastocyst into the uterus.
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23
Q

Stage 1: Fertilization

A
  • Development begins with fertilization.
  • Fertilization results in the formation of a new organism, the single-celled zygote.
  • The zygote is diploid, with 46 chromosomes (22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome from each parent).
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24
Q

Stage 2: early cell multiplication forming a morula

A
  • The zygote undergoes cell division, leading to the formation of a morula at around 3 to 4 days post-fertilization.
  • The morula is a mulberry-like cluster of cells; entering uterine cavity
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25
Q

Stage 3: blastocyst formation

A

Cells within the morula arrange, forming an inner and outer cell mass, now called a blastocyst.

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26
Q

Stage 4: Implantation

A

The blastocyst, with inner and outer cell masses, implants into the uterus.

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27
Q

Carnegie Stages

A

system used in embryology to classify embryo development.
- embryos are assigned a stage number (1 to 23) based on external features.

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28
Q

How are the Carnegie stages determined?

A

They are based on the observation of specific physical features and milestones in development.
- NOT determined by the chronological age or its size.

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29
Q

Menstrual Cycle Basics

A

The menstrual cycle begins on day one with the first day of menstruation and ends on the day before the next period starts.

30
Q

Ovulation

A

the release of an egg from the ovary

31
Q

How to determine ovulation timing

A

typically occurs around two weeks before the expected start of the next menstrual period.
Ex. if the average menstrual cycle is 28 days, ovulation is likely to happen around day 14.

32
Q

Postovulatory Age

A

used to describe the maturity of an embryo.
- refers to the length of time since the last ovulation before pregnancy.

33
Q

Why is postovulatorry age valuable?

A

it’s a good indication of embryonic age because the aprox. date can be determined.
- Fertilization has to occur close to ovulation between 12-24 hrs

34
Q

Stages of pre-natal development

A
  1. Pre-Embryonic Period
  2. Embryonic Period
  3. Fetal Period
35
Q

Stage 1: Pre-Embryonic Period

A

After fertilization to abt the end of the 2nd week of gestation.

36
Q

What key events occur during the pre-embryonic period?

A
  1. Blastocysts turn into epi & hypo blast
  2. Gastrulation
  3. The primitive streak
  4. Three germ layers
  5. Trilaminar embryonic disc
37
Q

Formation of the Bilaminar germ dic

A

in the 2nd week the inner cell mass of the blastocyst is differentiated into epiblast (outer layer) & hypoblast layers which from the Bilaminar germ dic
- in the 2nd week it has 2 layers & 3 in the 3rd week

38
Q

Gastrulation

A

Rapid process by which blastocyst become gastrula
- Occurs during the 3rd week

39
Q

What marks the start of gastrulation?

A

the primitive streak (day 15)
- along the longitudinal axis of the embryo

40
Q

Gastrulation Process

A
  • Formation of primitive streak
  • New cell layer between epiblast and hypoblast
  • Epiblast cells migrate to primitive streak
  • Invagination
  • Formation of endoderm
    -Formation of mesoderm
  • Formation of ectoderm
  • Trilaminar embryonic disc
41
Q

New cell layer between epiblast and hypoblast

A

The 3 Germ Layers
- As gastrulation progresses, a new cell layer begins to form between the existing epiblast (outer layer) and hypoblast (inner layer) of the embryo.

42
Q

What happens to cells from the epiblasts as they migrate towards primitive streak?

A

Upon reaching the primitive streak, these migrating epiblast cells undergo a process called invagination.
- They become flask-shaped and detach from the epiblast, slipping underneath it.

43
Q

Formation of endoderm from invagination

A

Once the invaginated cells have slipped beneath the epiblast, some of them displace the hypoblast, creating the endoderm layer.

44
Q

Formation of mesoderm

A

cells that lie between the newly formed endoderm and the remaining epiblast differentiate to form the mesoderm layer.

45
Q

Formation of ectoderm

A

cells that remain in the epiblast layer, without migrating or invaginating, form the ectoderm

46
Q

Where does the primitive streak originate from?

A

the anterior epiblast

47
Q

Hensen’s node

A

located at the cranial tip of the primitive streak
- Organizes the cells to where they need to go

48
Q

What type of cells are Hensen’s node?

A

mesoderm cells that give rise to the notochord

49
Q

What is the notochord?

A

the primitive backbone (spine)
- eventually replaced by the vertebral column

50
Q

How do remnants of the primitive streak show at birth?

A
  • The streak is supposed to go away at the 4th week but can show at birth through dermoid cysts in the sacrococcygeal region
51
Q

What gives rise to the germ layers

A

The epiblast gives rise to the 3 germ layers during gastrulation

52
Q

What cells do the germ layers contain

A

progenitor cells which is the ancestor cell
- where all your cells develop

53
Q

Ectoderm

A

gives rise to organs and tissues
that maintain contact with the outside world
Ex:
- CNS
- PNS
- Schwann cells and meninges
- lens of eyes

54
Q

Mesoderm

A

give rise to organs and tissues internally
Ex.
- cartilage & bone
- dermis
- smooth muscle
- blood & lymph nodes
- kidneys
- gonads & spleen

55
Q

Endoderm

A

give rise to the GI tract
- epithelial lining of the respiratory tract, lymphatic cavity, & eustachian tube

56
Q

One of the earliest organization of the embryo is the development of the ______ in the _______ period, and they_______.

A

Three germ layers, Pre-Embryonic, give rise to ALL fetal tissue & organs

57
Q

What systems develop around the 3rd week in the pre embryonic period?

A

nervous, respiratory, & cardiovascular system

58
Q

Stage 2: Embryonic Period

A

3rd to 8th week
-period of critical organ development (Organogenesis)
-PNS development (from neural crest cells)
- CNS development (from neural tube)
- Cardiovascular system devl.
-Respiratory system devl.
- other organ systems (such as gut, urinary system and tsetse/organs; gonads)

59
Q

During the embryonic period what can cause fetal deficits?

A

Exposure to teratogens can cause death or major congenital anomalies
Ex. A hand where and elbow is supposed to be

60
Q

Development of the Nervous System

A
  • CNS develops from neural tube
  • PNS develops from neural crest cells
  • Brain consist of: forebrain, midbrain, & hindbrain
61
Q

What happens when the neural tube doesn’t fully devlop?

A

neural tube defects:
- Spina bifida
- Encephalocele
- Chiari malformation
- Anrold-Chiari II or Chiari type II
- Anecephaly

62
Q

Spina Bifida

A

occurs when the neural tube doesn’t close completely
- most common location is the lower back

63
Q

Encephalocele

A

When parts of the brain remain unfused
Location: lumbar and sacral areas

64
Q

Chiari malformation

A

When parts of the brain protrude into the spinal canal due to smaller or misshapen skull.
- Type 2 is most common

65
Q

Anrold-Chiari II or Chiari type II

A

when the cerebellum & brainstem extend further into the foramen magnum & spinal cord than normal

66
Q

Dermoid Cyst

A

benign tumor created do to part of the primitive streak still being visible. (incomplete closure of neural tube)
- Contains all three germ layers

67
Q

Anecephaly

A

when part of your brain is exposed
- occurs when portion of the neural tube that is supposed to become the cerebrum does not close

68
Q

Which two defects of neural tube formation are used interchangeably?

A

Myelomeningocele & spina bifida

69
Q

Stage 3: Fetal Period

A

Period from 3rd month (9 weeks) post- fertilization ti birth
- This is when all of the fundamental structures are laid down now they just have to mature

70
Q

Syndromic vs non-syndromic HL

A

non-syndromic: only HL
syndromic: other systems affected

5310 - Embryology (11 decks)

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