Brief Overview of Human Cell Biology

Question 1

Congenital

Answer 1

obtained during pregnancy

Question 2

Genetic

Answer 2

inherited from your parents
- can be born or develop later in life

Question 3

Acquired

Answer 3

something that you get later in life
- not caused by genetics

Question 4

Why should we study cell biology in a genetic course in audiology?

Answer 4

if something is wrong with the body it starts in the cell
- when things go wrong its at the cellular level

Question 5

what controls the shape, size, and function of cells

Answer 5

Genes

Question 6

The two main cell types

Answer 6

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic

Question 7

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

not human
-no membrane bound nucleus or organelles
-most are bacteria
- found in a coiled loop (chromosome) floating in cytoplasm

Question 8

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 8

human
-nucleus contains DNA

Question 9

Somatic cells

Answer 9

everything but your sex cells
cannot build new life

Question 10

Germ cells

Answer 10

egg and sperm
- cells that can build a new life
- organisms develop from here

Question 11

What are cells formed from

Answer 11

molecules

Question 12

Cell signaling

Answer 12

is the transfer of information from one cell to another
- this is important for cells to grow

Question 13

What happens to cells that lose the ability to respond to signals from other cells

Answer 13

they may become cancer cells or die

Question 14

Plasma membrane

Answer 14

separates the interior of the cell from the outside
- dynamic & active
- controls what goes in & out of the cell
- prevents free flow of molecules
- bilayer of phospholipid molecules

Question 15

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

Answer 15

• composed of a bilayer of phospholipid molecules
  made of of lipids and fats

Question 16

Phospholipid

Answer 16

a lipid containing a phosphate

Question 17

how is genetic information expressed?

Answer 17

the way you look, walk, eye color, function etc is determined by genes

Question 18

organelles

Answer 18

specialized structures within the cytoplasm & include:
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 19

Where are organelles NOT found?

Answer 19

in red blood cells

Question 20

rough ER

Answer 20

associated with ribosomes
- function is the synthesis & processing of proteins

Question 21

smooth ER

Answer 21

lacks in ribosomes
- function is lipid synthesis

Question 22

describe the two layer structure of a phospholipid

Answer 22

consist of two hydrophobic fatty acid “tails” and a hydrophilic “head” consisting of a phosphate group

Question 23

what is hydrophobic

Answer 23

water-hating

Question 24

what is hydrophilic

Answer 24

water-loving

Question 25

How do the two phospholipid layers orient?

Answer 25

• hydrophilic heads face toward the outer and inner surfaces of the plasma membrane
• hydrophobic tails are buried within the interior of the membrane

Question 26

What encloses the cytoplasm

Answer 26

plasma membrane

Question 27

What is within the cytoplasm

Answer 27

The cytoskeleton
- microfilaments & microtubles provide cell strength & rigidity (maintaining shape)
- anchors cellular structures (organizing cell)
- plays a key role in motility

Question 28

Microfilamnets

Answer 28

fine & thread like
- 3-6 nm
- Actin (contraction) & myosin (relaxation) allowing skeletal muscles to move

Question 29

Microtubles

Answer 29

straight hollow cylinders
- NOT founf in prokaryotic cells

Question 30

Ribosomes

Answer 30

made of RNA & protien
- found in both endoplasmic reticulum & free in the cytoplasm

Question 31

Ribosome function

Answer 31

• serves as the primary site of biological protien synthesis
• the link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA(mRNA) molecules

Question 32

What are building blocks of protein?

Answer 32

amino acids

Question 33

Golgi apparatus

Answer 33

• flattened membrane sacs that contain digestive enzymes
• proteins processed here before moving to final destination

Question 34

Lysosomes

Answer 34

• membrane enclosed sacs containing digestive enzymes

Question 35

Lysosome function

Answer 35

break down or recycle worn out cells
- this is how a cell rejuvenates and re corrects itself

Question 36

Mitochondria

Answer 36

• Largest organelle surrounded by 2 phospholipid bilayer membranes
• Energy source of cells that produce most of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in eukaryotic cells

Question 37

what is ATP

Answer 37

energy source that is used to drive most energy-requiring cellular processes

Question 38

Nucleus

Answer 38

largest and most prominent of the organelles
-responsible for growth and reproduction of the cell
-contains DNA (organized to determine shape, structure, & function

Question 39

What is within the nucleus

Answer 39

nucleoli
- dense regions that synthesize ribsomes

Question 40

chromatin

Answer 40

complex of DNA and proteins that make up a chromosome

Question 41

where do genes lie

Answer 41

on chromosomes

Question 42

How do individual chromosomes take the form of two chromatids?

Answer 42

individual chromosomes connect at the centromere to create the X formation

Question 43

P arm

Answer 43

short arm of chromosome

Question 44

Q arm

Answer 44

Long arm of chromosome

Question 45

what is it called when two chromatids are joined by a centromere

Answer 45

sister chromatids

Question 47

diploid

Answer 47

2 sets of chromosomes
- one from each parent

Question 48

Haploid

Answer 48

• half
  one set of chromosome

Question 49

Karyotype

Answer 49

• The general appearance of somatic chromosomes
• what they look like

Question 50

Genotype

Answer 50

• genetic makeup

Question 51

Phenotype

Answer 51

expression of genes
- eye color, hair color, etc…