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HBSF Block 1 > Embryology Lecture 1 Introduction > Flashcards

Embryology Lecture 1 Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the clinical importance of studying embryology?

8.5.6

A

Developing new techniques for prenatal diagnosis and treatments

Identifying therapies for infertility

Understanding mechanisms to prevent birth defects

8.5.6

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2
Q

How does organ formation occur?

A

Organs are formed by interactions between cells and tissues

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3
Q

True or False: Cross talk between the two cell/tissue types is essential for differentiation to continue

A

True

8.5.6

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4
Q

What are two important examples where epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are important for the development of organs

A

8.5.6

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of Growth and Differentiation Factors (GDFs)

A

Fibroblast Growth factor (FGFs)

WNT

Hedgehog

Transforming Growth factor beta (TGF-β)

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6
Q

_____ is important for angiogenesis and mesoderm differentiation

A

Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGFs)

FGF8 is important for limb development

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7
Q

What is WNT (wingless and integrated or int-1) involved in?

A

¤Urogenital differentiation

¤Midbrain development

¤Limb patterning

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8
Q

¨Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is important for:

A

¤Neural tube induction and patterning

¤Gut regionalization

¤Somite differentiation

¤Limb patterning

Action is mostly inhibiting an inhibitor

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9
Q

Transforming Growth Factor- beta (TGF-β) is important for?

A

¤Extracellular matrix formation

¤Epithelial branching that occurs in the lung, kidney, and salivary gland development

¤Bone Morphogenetic Proteins:

Regulate cell division, cell migration, and apoptosis

Induce bone formation

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10
Q

What two types of neurotransmitters important for embryonic cell signaling?

A

Serotonin:

¨Establishing laterality

¨Heart development

¨Gastrulation

¨Cell migration

¨Cell Proliferation

Noradrenalin:

¨Apoptosis in interdigital spaces

8.5.6

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11
Q

Summary of Cell Signalling Substances

8.5.6

A

8.5.6

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12
Q

What are the male and female gametes called?

A

Spermatozoon (male gamete; plural: spermatozoa)

Oocyte (female gamete)

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13
Q

True or False: Both gametes develop from primordial germ cells

A

True

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14
Q

Primordial Germ Cells

Formed in the ______ during the 2nd week of development

Move through _______ during _______

Migrate to the wall of the ______

Position themselves close to the attachment of future umbilical cord (near the caudal end of the developing embryo)

¤By the end of 5th week of development they arrive in the _______

A

Epiblast

primitive streak, gastrulation

yolk sac

developing gonads

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15
Q

Explain male spermatogenesis?

A

At puberty, primordial germ cells differentiate into type A spermatogonia (46,2N)

Type A spermatogonia divide by mitosis to form either more type A spermatogonia (to maintain the supply) or type B spermatogonia

¨Type B spermatogonia produce primary spermatocytes

Primary spermatocytes undergo meiotic division to form spermatids:

Spermatocytogenesis

Spermatids transform into spermatozoa:

Spermiogenesis (no division only change in shape)

8.5.6

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16
Q

Release of acrosomal enzymes as sperm touches zona pellucida is called ______

8.5.6

A

ACROSOME REACTION

8.5.6

17
Q

Less than ______ sperm/ml semen causes male infertility

A

10 million

8.5.6

18
Q

What percent of sperm are viable and what percent are motile?

8.5.6

A

55%

20% are morphologically abnormal

25% are non-motile

Normal Motility: At least 40% should be actively motile

8.5.6

19
Q

Where does maturation of sperm occur? What is capacitation?

A

¤Occurs in epididymis

¤Glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins are removed from the plasma membrane that covers the acrosome of the sperm

¤Only capacitated sperms can pass through corona radiata cells and undergo acrosome reaction

20
Q

Most of ______ occurs during embryonic development

Primordial germ cells migrate into the ovaries at week 4 of development and differentiate into ______ (46,2N)

Oogonia enter ______ and undergo DNA replication to form ______

A

oogenesis

oogonia

meiosis I, primary oocytes (46,2N)

21
Q

True or False: All primary oocytes are formed by the fifth month of fetal life and remain dormant in the prophase of meiosis I until puberty

A

True

8.5.6

22
Q

Explain cell division during follicle maturation

A
23
Q

Graafian follicle, Ovulation & Corpus Luteum Overview

A

8.5.6

24
Q

Due to ______ from the anterior pituitary, occurs 14 days before the next menstruation

A

LH surge

ovulatory day = duration of menstrual cycle -14 ; e.g. if menstrual cycle is of 30 days then ovulation will occur on 30 -14 = 16th day

25
Q

Explain the corpus luteum

A

¨Walls of follicle after ovulation

¨Become glandular under influence of LH, secrete progesterone for a brief period, degenerate in 10-12 days if pregnancy doesn’t occur - corpus luteum of menstruation

¨If pregnancy occurs, degeneration of corpus luteum is prevented by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - corpus luteum of pregnancy

¤Remains functionally active throughout the first 20 weeks of pregnancy

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by syncytiotrophoblast of placenta

After 20weeks of pregnancy, the placenta assumes the production of the estrogen and progesterone that is necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy

26
Q

Summary of oocyte at ovulation

8.5.6

A

8.5.6

27
Q

_____ is

¤Glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte

¤Secreted by oocyte and granulosa cells

¤Non sticky

______ is

¤Granulosa cells surrounding oocyte membrane after ovulation

A

Zona pellucida

Corona radiata

28
Q

What are the functions of the zona pellucida?

A

¨Prevents:

¤Polyspermy

¤Premature implantation (zygote needs to develop into blastocyst for implantation)

¤Disintegration of cleaving embryo

¤Immunological reaction (because it has no major histocompatibility (HLA) antigens

Allows:

¤Nutrients to reach cleaving embryo

¤Blastocyst development

29
Q

Comparison of Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

A
30
Q

Comparison of Gametes

A
31
Q

What are the effects of offspring of older women and men?

A

Older Women:

¨Prolonged dormancy of primary oocytes may cause chromosomal abnormalities

¨Trisomy 21 increases with advanced age of the mother

Older Men:

¨With advanced paternal age increased incidence of:

Achondrplasia:

Retarded growth of long bones

Marfan Syndrome:

Disorder of connective tissue

32
Q
A

HBSF Block 1 (14 decks)

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